Carbon Footprint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Carbon Footprint - Essay Example rpool to work, take public transportation, turn off lights, reduce waste, plant trees, use rechargeable batteries, ride bike, reduce waste, print double sided, eat low carbon diet, go organic and buy electric vehicle. By using a more efficient vehicle my emissions will reduce, plants will help in releasing oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide, bike does not have any emission unlike using a vehicle (Ham, et al. 2000). Emissions are also reduced by carpooling even though by driving we increase emission but the number of sources will have reduced. Electric vehicles are more efficient and greener. I will also ensure my engine efficiency by managing my driving speed as the faster you drive the less your engine becomes and by doing this I will level off emissions on freeways. By using public transportation, I will eliminate the emissions from my vehicle. By going organic, I will reduce the chemical toxins in the environment (Ramseur, et al 2008). A day that I chose to reduce my emissions by 50%, the specific changes that I made were, switched from T12 lights to T8 lights, eat a low carbon diet, take public transport to work, ride my bike, reduce my waste, turn off lights. By switching to T8 lights from T12 lights I was able to reduce the power consumption in my house (Pal, et al. 2014). My diet for that day was also of low carbon diet and this helped to reduce my food emission. By taking a public transport I did not have any emission from my vehicle for that day. After work I used my bike to go shopping and this was helpful because it does not have any emission, I tried very hard to recycle what I could so as to reduce my waste of the day. By turning off the lights that I did not require, I greatly reduced my power consumption of the day. I succeeded in all I had planned. I succeeded because I was determined to achieve that even though it was not easy. It only requires dedication and discipline and I had both. It was I little bit hard for me. Like I am used to driving

Housing viability appraisal report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Housing viability appraisal report - Essay Example According to the findings of the report, implementing the proposal is a great idea. Because of the high demand for housing, and the accessibility of the location, implementing the project will generate high profits. 2.1 The demand for accommodation in this place shows that a space of schedule of 6,040 sq. m. (all net internal areas) of saleable space is required to accommodate †¦ residential flats. and 1010 sq.m for affordable housing , In addition to that, 745 sq. m. (8,021 sq. ft.) of commercial and 5,219 sq. m. of ‘home- office’ have also been proposed. I understand that there will be 98 home-office, including 11commercial which will provide a total of 9 spaces for the offices, 1 for the garbage and 88 for the residential flats would be constructed. 3.1 The first step in implementing this project is seeking permission to develop the project from the authorities. This will happen through an application, explaining the reason for the project, its benefit to the people, its environmental accessibility, and the expected revenues. Additionally, it will include the expected costs and the sources of the funds. After acquiring a permit, the s106 agreement will be ready for commencement. Comprising of 30-49 one bedroom, 50-79 two bedroom, and 80-119 three bedroom flats, the project is likely to take 36 months to complete. The proposed one-bedroom flats will measure 30 square metres, while a two bedroom will measure 56 square metres. A three bedroom flat will measure 100 square metres and a 4 bedroom flat measure approximately 140 square metres. A similar project constructed in the same area currently sells at  £6000. After completion of the project, payment of the flats will be spread across six quarters, with the first payment expected at the end of Q6. Projected revenues for the sale of the flats indicate that for every

Personal Reflection Of A Nurse Nursing Essay

Personal Reflection Of A Nurse Nursing Essay My love and deep-rooted passion for nursing education enable me to serve my patients well. I must confess that I have always had a passion for helping my clients, managing health care plans, learning new things and a curiosity for investigating medical conditions. As a child, my dream of becoming effective health care provider is still alive up to these days and I am determined to pursue this dream by putting my plans into a reality. My background has prepared me for multiple, diverse challenges in communicating internationally, paying strong attention to detail, and in producing essential therapeutic communication. I earned my Emergency Room / Critical Care Technician Training Course at Florida Community College, Jacksonville, FL. I also gained additional courses in English, Math, Psychology, Spanish, Music, Earth Science, Sociology, Computer Concepts, and History at Three Rivers Community Technical College, Norwich, CT. My unique mix of previous work experience in health education and my current status in different health care institution enhance my skills, knowledge and personality in managing patients and communicating effectively. In the increasing demand for nurses worldwide, there is also apparently increase in the demand in training. There are current and projected shortages in many health professions, especially nurses. Factors that contribute to these shortages are varied and complex. Some of the contributing factors include the state of the economy; decreased interest and increased enrollment in the health professions. This shortage caused health care institution to hire nurses with not enough experience and lack competency in clinical field. Proper training and professional and clinical empowerment is very imperative. In my workplace, nursing education program have responsibility is the assurance of appropriate health care provider preparation to which it entrusts its patient in clinical practice. I have attended several trainings, workshops or programs that were properly planned and outlined to provide information and instruction in the principles of giving care and learning different skills, pedagogic al styles, and valid evaluation techniques. This increases my professional empowerment and autonomy in my workplace. These workshops and proper trainings imparted knowledge and skills essential for success in the clinical setting. I am embracing that knowledge and acquired skills in a familiar environment that provided me with an increased level of confidence and autonomy in the practice and educational development in my profession. I am fascinated whenever I encounter people who have their Nursing Degree when I was working in a hospital setting. I am always inspired by these people and I always told to myself that someday my dream of earning my own nursing degree will come in a reality. Currently Im on the process of achieving my Nursing degree. My limitless inspiration fuels my desire to gain more wisdom and knowledge in these fields. As peer health educator, some of the activities practiced in my educational setting is the provision of the most current information possible for the using the collaborative approaches. During the teaching session and actual learning practice, the provision of clear explanations of the pathophysiological condition and processes of human illness and injury integrating all information as vital component of clinical practice and evidenced based practice. I always emphasize the prioritization of diagnoses and interventions specific to altered responses to illnesses and disease conditions, providing case studies for each case so that we can envision the client as a person needing and requiring care and acquire knowledge regarding the specific case. I also learned how to foster critical thinking and decision making which very important for every health care professional in clinical practice. The Teaching sessions and discussions in clinical practice are very important because I learned how to maximize my learning through acquiring knowledge derived from the application of concepts and theories. I can actually discuss and clarify some information and clinical practices during these sessions. Helping one another in achieving proper knowledge and competency in nursing practice is also innate with this kind of forums. Focuses on diversity and demonstrate the contributing factors are also a necessary in improving my basic knowledge and application of nursing theories and principle. My education in different subject areas, as well as my strong decision-making, problem-solving, and action-driven leadership skills combined with my working experiences, makes me an excellent professional in the field I chose. Im looking forward to help building the society by educating people and developing their character through effective educator. My career interests include clinical/pharmaceutical research protocols for seizure, burn, HIV/AIDS and trauma. Presently, I handle various roles and responsibilities such as Emergency Room Technician, Critical Care Technician, Medical Assistant, Psychiatric Technician and Phlebotomist My clients and my dearest family helped and continually inspire me to pursue this career path further. They were my inspiration in practicing and teaching healthcare and wellness for several years and these experiences brought me bundles of wisdom and enough knowledge to face the challenges. Through the years of my education, I realized this profession requires patience and self confidence which is automatically injected to me when I decided to do so. My current position in various health care setting serves as effective training ground and career enhancement. I have enough experiences in providing basic and complex nursing care and procedures to all age groups and administering emergency medical care t o patients during emergency situations in the emergency trauma center. I enjoy delivering front-line interventions in acute and primary care in hospitals other health care settings, and perform basic health services as diagnosing and treating common acute diseases, illnesses and injuries with advanced degree on practicing the profession in clinical or educational settings, teaching theoretical and clinical knowledge, clinical skills and interventions and conducting research and study. I believed I was used as an instrument in developing my clients ability and maintaining their health. I believe this internship program will give me more opportunity to improve and sustain my competency. Programs related prevention, education, outreach enhance my interpersonal communication skills and willingness to support works to help individual patient recognize and modify their risk-taking behaviors. My education interventions are based on theories of social learning, community and peer support for incremental risk reduction and understanding of the disease process. My goal is to provide education strategy to increase and support prevention programs especially among the most vulnerable population groups and their environment. Improving general understanding of the public through encouraging protective individual behaviors will promote individual and collective vulnerability to any diseases. My personal and professional goal is to help reduce the risk of every individuals acquiring disease and to maintain patients wellbeing. My educational background, hard work, professionalism, and dedication to employer success have resulted in significant accolades and increased responsibilities. My superb organizational skills, firm understanding of nursing care, management, regulations, and awareness of the bottom line proved highly beneficial in my recent career. I had been teaching health care for several years. Teaching developed my character and enabled me to acquire knowledge necessary in molding my personality. The role of institutional organization and structure where I am currently employed would be to increase my ability, knowledge and skills in clinical setting and education. In short, nursing empowerment is the main objective. The need for empowerment and organizational orientation in the hospital setting is essential in sharing knowledge, training and supervising other nurses in actual situations. As health professional, tangible skills and knowledge in a hospital setting is very important in managing clients and supervising their needs. In general, my role is focused on providing effective, quality care. Hence setting personal goals and philosophy advances the means of preparing myself to supervise and educate my students and subordinates. In our workplace, emphases on these areas are well implemented and give me the room for improvement and increase my self confidence and empowerment. Skills, Knowledge and ability are very important part of health care personal traits and the main armor of every health care professional whenever facing in the battlefield of care management. Competency and Autonomy is essential. As part of the team, empowerment is vital and these three factors are the most important thing in hand before going to the battle. My ability is incorporated with decision making and critical thinking ability. When achieving the empowerment and my personal professional traits, change is very important, especially in behavior and attitude. Change requires adding new forces for change or removal of some of the existing factors that are at play in perpetuating the behavior. I participated in professional activities that aid in making the change that include imitation of role models and looking for personalized solutions through trial-and-error learning. My personal mission and vision are crafted toward this goal; especially in patient management and professional advantage. I have developed behavior toward work and patient that becomes habitual, which includes developing a new self-concept identity and establishing new interpersonal relationships. This personal competencies and experiences are applicable to all health care professionals in identifying problems because it addresses the changes required to achieve organizational goals. This concept is important because of its nature in terms of change process and behavioral approach method. Behavior, personal traits and knowledge can be addressed through the utilization of change. My career plans are centered in the future of developing my ability to self determination and freedom in choosing and implementing my own decisions free from deceit duress, constraints or coercion. This trait is also known as autonomy. I have developed this competency through professional independence and decision making skills with the aid of critical thinking ability. As nursing student, entering into a new environment not knowing what to expect is difficult. Yes, patient care is the same everywhere, but they must be comfortable with the environment they are placed in. Adaptation is crucial in the clinical arena. My goal in this area is to be familiarized in protocols through use of an orientation plan in hospital settings before my clinical experience may become a highly useful and an effective strategy in clinical education will be carried out. I become less apprehensive about the clinical environment and become more patient focused, therefore increasing the effectiveness of self empowerment and autonomy. This also provides me with the opportunity for role modeling as the patient maintains and develops standards of practice and competent care in a familiar environment. In my current learning environment, nursing managers and supervisors let nurses decide for their patient in a professional and proper way with accordance to protocols and policy o f the institution. I learned how to communicate effectively at all levels which is a common barrier in the implementation of change among health care in various settings. Communication practices were also addressed in order to identify and effectively set the goals. I also was lucky to be granted with the blessing of being able to work with some exceptional health care professionals that really cared for and about their clients; Health care professionals that would do everything in their abilities and power to make their patient feel better physically and emotionally. That is what I hope to be able to do in the future: providing extraordinary care everyday. Maybe someday I can be a role model and inspiration to other people to strive for a higher level of competence just as those I look up to were for me. In pursuing this education, my purpose is to help patient achieve their wellbeing and achieving their maximum potentials. Developing the health care society serve as a deep challenge to study further and gain enough knowledge, more information about the life itself and definitely to be an effective and productive member of the society and furthermore, helping my peer to gain more knowledge. In my workplace and learning environment, superiors initiates the development of a clinical practice programs based on the goals or mission of the institution given to us. These development programs increases my professional autonomy, confidence, knowledge, skills and competency and allows me to understand the importance of my roles. The program helps me in my transition into different roles by assisting in understanding effective methods of delivering care to patients in the clinical setting. It stresses the importance of utilizing the nursing process in the care of individuals, families, and community by assessing the client health care status, planning with client or significant others the action based on identified needs and problems, implementing appropriate nursing interventions wholly compensatory, supportive and educative, modifying interventions and evaluating the results of nursing interventions accordingly based on criteria established. These criteria help me to produce co mpetent effective qualities and ability to sustain the demand for care in response to increasing numbers of patients. The utilization of my personal and professional process serves as guidelines in implementing my roles. I believe that the essence of my profession is having the possession of knowledge and competency in performing skills and interventions. It involves a combination of many disciplines, including aspects of biology and psychology to promote the restoration and maintenance of health in our clients. And at the end of the day, behind the vital signs and doctors order, what will count the most is how much you really cared. Yes- this caring which made this profession unique in the first place? The genuine reward of this work comes from the distinct gleam of the clients eyes every time we perform what we have sworn to do. Although it is sad fact that some nurses are quite amnesic to why they become nurses in the first place, the future nurses of today still, should rise and take the challenge of being real nurse. My late mother and my dearest family helped and continually inspiring me to study further. They were my inspiration in teaching for several years and these experiences brought me bundles of wisdom and enough knowledge to face the challenges. Through the years of my teaching, I realized this profession requires patience and self confidence which is automatically injected to me when I decided to do so. I believed I was used as an instrument in developing my peers ability and molding their character. That is why I did my very best and I gave whatever I may give to them. This profession gave me more opportunity to improve and sustain my competency. The years of experiences in hospital setting allowed me to possess  a substantial background to keep my ambitions alive. It has been very interesting and I find myself loving what I do as well as my patients. But amidst of these thing, I am not exempted in the test of hard work, motivation and challenge to be strong. These obstacles gave me a room to develop my full maturity, learn to become team player and to enhance my critical thinking ability. With this ability and character that I possess I was able to improve my own capability inside and outside the classroom and workplace. I am very proud to be able to share different aspects of my life that are not apparent from my professional and academic record. After being encouraged to continue my degree by both family and friends, I found that pursuing career and education are character-defining time in my professional and personal life, causing me to face different challenges such as personal and financial hardship and manage roles and responsibilities associated with work, school and family. I am very excited and enthusiastic about this coming year, I know I can face challenges because of the determination and motivation to achieve my goals and desired career. It would create and open a gateway of opportunities and I know I could achieve my dreams and I want to pursue my ambition in the field of nursing.

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

The corruption of the American Dream The Great Gatsby takes place during the 1920's and it is a time when the old values and the new are in a battle with one another. The Great Gatsby has characters who believe in the American dream and those who are corrupting the dream in prosuit of wealth and personal gain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The character, Nick is the perfect example of those with the faith in the existence of the dream. He is part of the group who believes in the old values and the belief that ones own hard work will at the end deliver rewards. He comes east to experience the new and exciting world of New York, yet he does not seem to belong to this part of the world. He although comes form a wealthy family chooses to make his own fortune He ' All my aunts and uncles talked it over as if they were choosing a prep-school for me and finally said 'Why—ye-es'; with very grave, hesitant faces.';(P.7) One the other hands though, Jay Gatsby is the dream killer who is involved with men like Meyer Wolfsheim. Wolfsheim was the man responsible for fixing the 1919 World Series. Gatsby has committed crimes in order to win love of Daisy. It is strange that Nick a man who despises men like Gatsby at the same time admires him. '…It is what prayed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men.'; (P.6-7) Daisy and Jordan are also characters who contribute in the corruption of the dream. Jordan is the dishonest golfer and opportunist who will do whatever it takes to be successful. F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers The corruption of the American Dream The Great Gatsby takes place during the 1920's and it is a time when the old values and the new are in a battle with one another. The Great Gatsby has characters who believe in the American dream and those who are corrupting the dream in prosuit of wealth and personal gain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The character, Nick is the perfect example of those with the faith in the existence of the dream. He is part of the group who believes in the old values and the belief that ones own hard work will at the end deliver rewards. He comes east to experience the new and exciting world of New York, yet he does not seem to belong to this part of the world. He although comes form a wealthy family chooses to make his own fortune He ' All my aunts and uncles talked it over as if they were choosing a prep-school for me and finally said 'Why—ye-es'; with very grave, hesitant faces.';(P.7) One the other hands though, Jay Gatsby is the dream killer who is involved with men like Meyer Wolfsheim. Wolfsheim was the man responsible for fixing the 1919 World Series. Gatsby has committed crimes in order to win love of Daisy. It is strange that Nick a man who despises men like Gatsby at the same time admires him. '…It is what prayed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men.'; (P.6-7) Daisy and Jordan are also characters who contribute in the corruption of the dream. Jordan is the dishonest golfer and opportunist who will do whatever it takes to be successful.

As Nature Made Him: Nature vs. Nurture Essay

The argument over nature vs. nurture has continued to torture society by presenting cases in which we simply don’t know which rules to apply. One of these cases is sex change. Sex change is a very big step to take in a person’s life and it involves the careful consideration of many factors; but it is not a simple answer to a complex problem such as hermaphroditism or even blotched circumcisions. These choices can be difficult because we don’t quite understand which factors to consider given that we haven’t determined whether it is nature or nurture that determines a child’s sexual identity. Until we solve this riddle, people shouldn’t try to change a child’s sex before the child can decipher his or her own sexual identity. Nature will solve the problem without human interference. Over the years, sex change in infants with ambiguous or deformed genitals has become more and more popular. Often times, however, the child is unhappy with his/her sexual assignment. Colapinto writes, â€Å"†¦Dr. Harry Benjamin himself, who had recently reported that in forty-seven out of eighty-seen of his patients, he ‘could find no evidence that childhood conditioning’ was involved in their conviction that they were living in the wrong sex† (Colapinto 45). This suggests that nature rather than nurture is the underlying factor of sexual identity. Dr. John Money, a doctor at John Hopkins Hospital, was the head doctor of the world famous John/Joan â€Å"twin case. † His theories at the time seemed to be very intelligently thought out at the time, but have now been proven otherwise, explaining why his conduction of the â€Å"twin case† was unsuccessful. John Colapinto explains that Dr. Money realized in his research on hermaphroditical children, â€Å"the ones that were raised as girls were happy girls, and the ones raised as boys were happy boys†¦ It seemed to suggest to him that hermaphrodites were born malleable in their sex† (Youtube). However, Money was too quick to generalize this observation to everyone, rather than only. Although the gravely unsuccessful twin case was and is brought up a lot in the debate concerning nature vs. nurture, there are still scientists who believe that it is nurture rather than nature that determines sexual identity. These scientists still have hope that there may be an answer to the mystery of sexual identity. Jonis Portfolio says on gender, â€Å"It is an intricate balance between hormones, brain function, attitudes, behaviors, and social expectations† (Jonis Portfolio). Colapinto as well as the authors of Jonis Portfolio mention how â€Å"vehemently was â€Å"she† determined to live in the sex of her genes and chromosomes† (Colapinto 72). Children who are born normally, but have been sexually reassigned, usually present behaviors that resemble the sex written in their genetic code. The few exceptions remain outliers. Once scientists started to poke holes in Dr. Money’s theories, they realized how unreasonable it was to try to sexually reassign a children who were already destined by nature to be a certain gender. Jonis says, â€Å"Gender identification is a complex issue† (Jonis Portfolio). Scientists try too hard to try to find a solution to this problem that they are too quick to draw conclusions and make decisions. Colapinto writes that the â€Å"New York Times book review on Man vs. Woman Boy vs. Girl said the book’s argument was ‘If you tell a boy he is a girl, and raise him as one, he will want to do feminine things’† (Colapinto 70). Man vs. Woman Boy vs. Girl is a book written by Dr. Money. Money drew so many false conclusions in his work that his theories were unreliable. However, he was such a respected figure in the science world that even his most outlandish views were supported by many. This is how his theories came to be so widely accepted. We know now, however, that he was pretty far off the mark in his line of research. We know now that gender assignment should be left to nature, rather than nurture, especially was no problem with the natural gender to begin with. Too often, children have been burdened with the task of finding themselves, i. e. discovering their sexual identity. If doctors and scientists continue to complicate children’s lives by attempting to change who these children were destined to be, they will definitely start to lose themselves. This is ultimately what happened in the John/Joan case where David Reimer, which was John/Joan’s real name, when he took his own life. Nurture may be a factor in sexual identity, but research suggests that nature is an even stronger factor. Scientists and doctors shouldn’t interfere with nature because all in all, this single factor will shine through the cracks. Bibliography Colapinto, John. As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl. New York: HarperCollins, 2000. Print. As Nature Made Him by John Colapinto was published in 2000 to give readers a full understanding of the John/Joan twin case in which a biologically born male was sexually reassigned a girl due to a blotched circumcision. Colapinto describes in great detail all aspects of the case and how horribly wrong it went. He does elaborate research and uses interviews from direct sources in order to explain the case coherently for readers. This book is the main source for this essay as it describes so vehemently the case from all angles. It argues mainly how nature over nurture is the main factor in determining sexual identity. â€Å"Jonisportfolio – Sexual Reassignment and Gender Roles Nature VS Nurture. † Jonisportfolio – Sexual Reassignment and Gender Roles Nature VS Nurture. N. p. , n.d. Web. 01 Oct. 2013. . This portfolio was published online by Jonis Portfolio to recognize and argue the issue of nature vs. nurture and its concern with sexual identity. It describes many cases where biologically born males who were raised as females so vehemently were determined to be males. It describes nature as a leading factor over nurture for determining sexual identity. It’s helpful to this essay because it presents some major arguments concerning the matter of nature vs. nurture. It even describes the John/Joan case and what happened there. YouTube. Prod. Allan Gregg. Perf. Allan Gregg and John Colapinto. YouTube. YouTube, 04 June 2012. Web. 01 Oct. 2013. . This video is an interview with John Colapinto done by Allan Gregg. Colapinto is the writer of As Nature Made Him and in this interview he is describing to viewers the twin case, or the John/Joan case. David Reimer, John/Joan himself, couldn’t do the interview because unfortunately he took his own life in 2002. This source is helpful because it is a short recap of the book and viewers may understand it better than they would while reading about it.

Critical analysis of safeguarding children Essay

A. Critical analysis of safeguarding children including legislation, policy and professional practice (4000 word – 100%): United Nations Convention on the Rights of the child (UNCR 1989), Article 1 defines a ‘child’ as a person below the age of 18. Law is used in order to legitimise society; children are deeply and permanently affected by the laws that are made and enforced by adults. Safeguarding and promoting the welfare of the children is based on â€Å"_protecting, preventing and ensure safety_† towards children, (Reference). Within society there are many professionals and agencies operated in order to protect and reinforce children’s rights. The language of safeguarding children came about with the advent of The Children Act 1989. The Children’s Act (1989) and (2004) are also legislation which states that those who work with children have priority to keep them safe. The Children’s Act 2004 focuses more on ‘integrating services around meeting the needs of children and their families’, which resulted in professionals working more closely together (DfES, 2004a). Measures which also are seen to be protecting the interests of the child, would be the European Convention on Human Rights and the United Convention on the Rights of the Child are seen to in-fact have ‘limited impact’ focusing less on the actual rights of the child and more on parental rights in respect of their children’s education (Blythe and Parkin, 1999, p. 118). Although children do not have any say in who will govern them, it is seen as essential for children to be protected within this integrated system we live in. Although professionals have the duty of the protection of children â€Å"_everyone who comes into contact with children and families has a role to play_†, any organisation or agency can work together in order to provide consistent support towards children (Web ref 1). Before moving forward with this essay it is important to establish the professional practice and case which will be used to analyse the child protection of children within the United Kingdom. The parental responsibility under the Children’s Act 1989 S3 (1) is defined as having ‘responsibilities’ rather than ‘rights’ in relation to children. However there have been many cases where the parents/career of child has been questioned. Social workers are called to look at the case, the duty of a  local authority social worker especially in the Children’s Act 1989 S17 (1) is seen to be a duty to investigate when there is cause to suspect that a child may be suffering or has been harmed. Social workers are going to be the focus in this essay in terms of professionals used to protect children and Victoria Climbià © case will also be the focus. Read Also:  Examples of Critical Analysis Essay Writing Social workers are seen as â€Å"mediators, aggressive intervener, interpreters and provider/ locator/ creator of resources in terms of the client’s needs†, in terms of roles which are played (Hollis, 1964). Most times dealing with social workers are not always at the request of the client, child protection is not the only option they also deal with â€Å"compulsory admission to mental health care and at the order of the criminal courts† (Lindsay, 2013, p. 2). Over the years, the complexity of work for practitioners advanced, which created _structural and organisational changes_ (web ref 2). After several years, the government therefore decided to use their agenda for children’s services onto the case of Victoria Climbià © (Laming, 2003). This essay will be based on the analysis of the safeguarding and protection of children and the issues which may come about doing so. Focusing on the work of Social workers in terms of child protection and how the effect ive safeguarding was lacked in the case of Victoria Climbià © (2000). The death of Victoria Climbià © came about in February 2000, aged eight years and three months; her abuse by her great aunt Marie-Therese Kouao and Kouao partner, Carl John Manning, was unknown although she had been seen by many different practitioners including health, police and social workers over the last ten months of her life. Her death sparked an influential inquiry into professional and policy failure which proved negative amongst children’s services, however promoted a change in publications and legislation within the UK as this case has created an overhaul to child protection procedures. As a result of the death of Victoria, Lord Laming highlighted in his evaluation of the professional practices surrounding Victoria’s case the importance of child services working and sharing information in order to protect children and protect them from harm. In his diagnostics of the ‘professional and systematic’ failures which contributed to Victoria’s death including many actors who failed to identify the abuse Victoria went  through. His report published in 2003, recommended 108 changes in which most of them being adapted into the Children Act 2004, as well as the creation of the 2003 green paper Every Child Matters. The professional role of social workers will be analysed critically in collaboratively working to safeguard children. Under the Children Act 1989 and Children Act 2004 practitioners have the responsibility to ‘_Safeguard and promote the welfare of children who are in need’_ as they help prevent children from being in a vulnerable state by a career who can no longer or should not be looking after them. Within the Victoria Climbià © case, social workers were described as â€Å"incompetent† (web ref 3). It was found that the main social worker of this case, Lisa Arthurworrey, was responsible for the death of Victoria, for falling to recognise the abuse. However, Arthurworrey claimed that social workers had not received the ‘_correct guidelines’_ from management until after Victoria’s death (Batty, 2004). It is seen that children tend to have better outcomes where there is evidence of careful assessment of their needs. Social workers try to work together with the services provided in order for early intervention. Assessment is seen to be the foundation of all effective intervention, as it establishes the human needs, evidence would need to be grounded. Services are needed to be provided in the situation of risk and need, accurate and realistic assessment from the relevant professional to ensure all the appropriate information of that certain case needs to be undertaken before ‘Judgements and decisions are made about action and resources’ (Adams and Dominelli et al., 2002, p. 209) The safety of a child is paramount with a social workers role, the Children’s Act 1989 centralises this. The act has focused on the importance of assessment of need/risk of the child and focusing on the arrangements of services inter-connecting for the Protection of Children. Policy and legislation has changed over the years regarding safeguarding children as it was seen that before the policies and practices were more concerned with family support welfare (Audit Commission, 1994: Department of Health, 1995). It was seen that the focus was set to be more of a ‘_change_’  of the work, for the result of child welfare approach principles being able to dominate. It was established that the significance being based on supporting children and families within the community and coercive of intervention and policing being kept to a minimum. The enactment of the 1989 Children’s Act shows tension between policy and practice over time When the Act was passed, the pressure on the child protection system had been raising, as well as the number of referrals and children being brought into care. The problems which have been faced before the act was even passed had not been resolved. Inquiries and reports contained details of how professionals surrounding the children had failed to produce a reaction from failure to communicate with one another. The act was enforced to establish the threshold criteria for child protection inquires and to ensure child as centre in terms of court proceedings. At the same time the Act, enforced guidance and important of the birth family and establishing principles for child care practices, working with family and professionals and the importance of working with family and protection of them as well as protecting children from harm (Allen, 2005; Department of Health [Doh], 1989). The safeguarding agenda continued into the 1990’s, introducing agencies and programmes such as Sure Start and the Children’s Fund. Significant legislation continued with Crime and Disorder Act 11998 and the Adoption and Children Act 2002, which policy also developed with the introduction of Framework for _the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families_ (DoH et al., 2000). This was implemented within local authorities in 2001, which establishes guidance about the conduct of assessment prompted on social workers due to the case of Victoria Climbià ©. The safeguarding agenda was later implicated by the Victoria Climbià © case which introduced _Every Child Matters (_ECM) Framework, including the establishment of Local Children’s Safeguarding (Chief Secretary to the Treasury, 2003, para 1.12; Laming 2003). The initiative was introduced as part of Laming’s actions onn the death of Victoria, which involved efforts to ensure that no child is being ignored by improved services, through  shared information within different professionals and these professionals working alongside another which also included the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) – based on renewed measures of tackling social exclusion ensuring each child’s have their voices heard. Victoria horrific death which arose due to the hands of the great aunt and partner reaffirmed the framework which aimed for every young child to have the best chance in life to achieve their full potential. While responding to the death of Victoria, the Green Paper ECM providing ‘thinking and legislative’ framework that would further broaden the scope for prevention and early intervention which was seen to be the central aim of ensuring well-being of all children. This is shown in the outcome statement of ECM (DfES, 2004). Children should achieve economic well being Be health Enjoy and achieve Make a positive contribution Stay safe These categories are far from the narrow visions of how child protection should work from how it was the 1980’s and 1990’s, showing how advanced the agenda has advanced to ensure better services. These aims show the attempts the Government have in order to achieve a more proactive and guarding service for children and families. However even with this in place, it is seen that the agenda within the UK can be seen to be wavered in terms of the ‘local implantation failure’ within society as Victoria Climbe case demonstrates rather than actual policy. The Victoria Climbià © Inquiry report established the conflicts of agents working together as they failed to link small factors which would have led to realise she was being abused. It established that there were key opportunities which could have taken place to help intervene to help  Victoria. None of the professionals who had seen Victoria questioned why she had not been attending school or had not been registered with a GP. Victoria was seen by Dr. Schwartz who failed to spot evidence of the 8 year Old’s abuse, asserted her view that due to the due of the essential ‘interpretative nature of inter-professional communication’, Victoria was ignored. Schwartz claimed the injuries were evident as scabies infection, this opinion which previously as scabies infection, this opinion which previously contracted a locum registrar, Dr Ajayi-Obe who had the view that she had been physically abused. But the consultant claimed she did not consider it necessary to take a case history, despite her child protection concerns as she expected social services to investigate the girls circumstances (Batty, 2001). Lord Laming asserts in his evaluation of the professional; practices surrounding Victoria’s case, in order for children to be adequately safeguarded, information within agencies has to be improved. Each agency needs to prioritise passing information to another agency and the recipients should query any points of uncertainty. In the words of the two hospital consultants who had Victoria, â€Å"_I cannot query for the way other people interpreted what I said. It was not the way I would have liked it to have been interpreted_† (Dr Ruby Schwartz) â€Å"_I do not think it was until I have re-read this letter that I appreciated quite the depth of misunderstanding_† (Dr Mary Rossiter). This shows how Victoria was in the middle of miscommunication which was the downfall to her safety (Laming, 2003) While analysing about statements, it is obvious the lack of communication and misunderstanding was apparent, making it obvious to see how Laming came to this view. It is clear that action to safeguard Victoria non-existent; she was caught up in the dysfunctional ‘_gatekeeping’_ practices in Brent Social Services. Actions to safeguard Victoria were hindered due to the undetected and failing practice of the institutions in which she was involved in. Within society, children are seen as needing protecting from economic and social structures. It is seen that social meanings in society differ depending on different risks and needs, this is apparent within the ECM agenda with the policy documents. Negatively views as the child being  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœcitizen-worker-of-the-future’ (Williams, 2004, p.408). It is seen that the child’s view is being ignored, from their views which were expressed in the ECM consultation process- which emphasized on extra-curricular activities and spaces for children (DfES). This is seen as common within policy-making and how children are being constructed within the society we live in. Rather than being seen as children practising to become adults, children are viewed as not be able to know ‘what is rational because they cannot yet see what rational’ (Archard, 1993, p.g6). Therefore children are always seen as being needed to be developed and protected by the capital. Some would say that within different agencies some practitioners within different agencies are not aware with the understanding of how different services defer depending on different level of need. This can be a problem as children and families could be given the wrong type of service. Guidance from ‘Early Intervention Securing Good Outcomes for Children’ (DCSF, 2010) saw early intervention as not relating ‘_exclusively to intervening younger ages’_ but tackling issues ‘as they arise, whatever the age of the child or young age’. Early intervention is used in order to safeguard children is demonstrated by ‘_research studies and cost-benefit analysis’_ (Easton and Gee, 2012) Policies within the government seem to have progressed towards early intervention. Not only due to the safety of children, but was due to economic grounds of children’s failure to secure necessary skills, qualifications and moral ideas for their future. Soon the government decided to show-case their concerns for children having future problems with employability and criminality, therefore introducing the framework for education _Birth to Three Matters_ in 2002 (DfES), to confirm that no child is exempt from developmental prescription. This is relevant to safeguarding children in the sense that with the frameworks, children who are seen to be ‘in conflict’ with the law or seen as threatening and as such forfeit their right to be ‘safe-guarded’ although those are children who may need protection the most. According to ‘Working Together to Safeguard Children’ (2010) a document  released by the government based on a guide for organisations and individuals who need to work together to safeguard children. In regards to thresholds and assessment the document established, the Local Safeguarding Children Boards (LSCB) should take part in local arrangements for taking common assessment and use the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) when appropriate. They came about to ensure practice work in place that aims to target particular groups by ‘developing/evaluating thresholds and procedures for work where children and families where a child has been identified as ‘in need’ under the Children Act 1989†². Also, that ‘local arrangements’ are taken for common assessment while using CAF and be aware when it is possible to refer a possible child in need to children’s social care services, this is enforced by the Children’s Trust board, wor king with the LSCB. The Common Assessment Framework was developed as a standard tool for all professionals working with children and families, used for assessment and referral purposes (Department for Education and Skills [DfES], 2006a, 2006b), all this in the hope of professionals working effectively through communication and shared information. As the government has come up with the aim of bringing child welfare to a common understanding within different agencies and professionals, the introduction of CAF is designed to illuminate this. CAF was designed in order to focus on the needs and strengths rather than ‘concerns’ for children within these services. Professionals have been encouraged to educate strengths, needs action and solutions for children across three domains derived from the Framework for Assessment of Children and Need and their Families (DoH, 2004): ‘_Development of unborn baby, infant or young children’, ‘Parents and carers’_ and ‘F_amily and environmental’._ As the CAF is evidence based, which can make the completed CAF very hard to understand, even for experienced child welfare professionals (White et al., 2008). As the need for Child Care services has increased, in total, between April 2011 and January 2012 Cafcass, received 10,199 new applications – 10.8% higher when compared to the same period last financial year (Rogers and Evans, 2012). This shows that the manner in which the 1989 Children’s Act is being applied effectively within the country; agencies are acting faster and  more effectively in ensuring vulnerable children are being removed from neglect and abusive households, therefore due to a more rapidly and responsive assessment and awareness, professionals of leaving a care are the cause of higher numbers of applications. Children’s Care prioritizes care for those circumstances such were the family or child are in such serious danger. According to North Yorkshire Safeguarding Children Board these are the key responsibilities for Children’s Care (web ref 1): Assess, plan and provide support to children in need, particularly those suffering or likely to suffer significant harm; Make enquiries under Section 47 of the Children Act 1989 wherever there is reason to suspect that a child in its area is at risk of significant harm; Provide a Key Worker for every child subject to a Child Protection Plan; Ensure that the agencies who are party to the protection plan coordinate their activities to protect the child; Convene regular reviews of the progress of any child subject to a Child Protection Plan through both Core Group and Child Protection Conference Review meetings; Instigate legal proceedings where required. In order to provide effective service, professionals must be prepared to seek an understanding from other practitioners, from other organisations in order to form phrases which have little meaning and result in the use of habitualization. (White et al., 2008) In order to assess the participation within parents and child it is important to use CAF to assess the children and to identify needs (Department for Education and Skills, 2005). Parenting is held to be important for the life  chances of all children, although in reality parenting interventions are focused upon the poorest parents (Goldson and Jamieson, 2002). Safeguarding children requires the need to ensure that the child is in best hands in terms of carers for them. Carers who are seen to be of a negative light within society, this weighs heavily on each child, as each child depends on someone to look after them as they are vulnerable. The condition of children who are incapable of acting for their best interests justifies the need of carers; policies are put into place to ensure the rights and power between parents and child. Parents in acting in behalf of their children, but it also constitute such tutelage as a duty (Archard, 1993, p. 7) Due to the Adoption and Children Act 2002, which emphasized how agencies have a duty to assess harm whenever domestic violence was present, the increase of cases referred to Children Protection Registers etc. because of domestic violence was paramount. However it is seen that although there is an increase in cases of domestic violence being assessed properly, evidence of services which protect them have not been increasing resulting in these services having to consider what can be done to improve their response with the current budgets. The importance of working with parents and child in order to achieve the best outcome is vital as it ensures effective help has been used. Working in partnership with parents is needed as working with parents is shown through the Children Act 1989. ‘supporting families, when necessary, to bring up their children and working in partnership with parents whose circumstances may be difficult is at the heart of our Children Act’ (Department of Health 1995a, p.1) Many other acts support working in partnership with parents, such as the green paper Every Child Matters as it encourages the involvement of agencies and support through early intervention not only through child protection work but others also. However, with these multi-agencies working together to helping and empowering parents, some families are seen to be reluctant to receive these services which has some negative effects on safeguarding children. It is seen that some workers draw back from negative threats of violence or intimidation and many plans that were supposed to do undergo have not and therefore left unchallenged. This is evident in the  death of Ainlee Labonte in 2002, through the negative behaviour of her parents who refused to cooperate with the agencies offered to them, workers often ‘froze’ which therefore hindered their ability to follow through with referrals, assessments or plans (Brandon et al, 2008, p.96) Referring to parents power and participation with children and professionals it is also important to establish how the Adoption and Children Act 2002 contributed to a further amendment to the Children Act 1989 in respect of fathers’ parental responsibility. This refers to all professionals working with children should know the parental responsibility; it previously contained information which hindered unmarried fathers access to their children. This act put in place has ensured that the child’s interest were key and not just the interests of the government, with social workers looking at adults in a family who had real relationships with their children. The current situation is that the following have parental responsibility The child’s mother The child’s father if they are married to mother The child’s unmarried father if registered on the child’s birth certificate Someone who adopts child Someone who becomes the child’s guardian on the mother’s death etc. Overall, it is important to establish the importance of safeguarding children with the UK. With cases such as Victoria Climbià ©, which emphasized the lack of good professional practice has led to many different changes. Although some would say these changes are not always implemented everywhere. Practitioners have a key role in ensuring the process of communication between different organisations and professions, which the acts and policies such as the Children Act 2004 and Every Child Matters, the integration of children services can be practised to ensure protection for children and  families. It is seen that in order to improve the outcome of children, services should monitored more closely to ensure the outcomes for children are ones we expect. With the services being more effective and the commitment of inter-agencies working together, the aims can all be achieved. BIBLOGRPAHY Adams, R. C., Dominelli, L. and Payne, M. 2002. _Social Work: themes, issues and critical debates_. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Allen, N. (2005) _Making Sense of the Children Act 1989_. Chichester: Wiley. Archard, D. 1993. _Children: Rights and Childhood_ London: Routledge. Pg 7 Audit Commission (1994) Watching Their Figures. London: HMSO Batty, D. 2001. _Climbià © doctor admits errors put girl at risk_. [Online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/society/2001/oct/12/5 [Accessed: 15 Jan 2014]. Batty, D. 2004. _Climbià © social worker admits mistakes_. [Online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/sep/02/childprotection.socialcare [Accessed: 10 Jan 2014]. 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