The Autobiography Of Malcolm X - 1505 Words

Critical Book Review Book review based on The Autobiography of Malcolm X Introduction: This biography of Malcolm X was a book, which had a purpose of enlightening people on how blacks were treated, it mainly focused on the life of Malcolm and how it affected his life and changed him. Malcolm X is born and raised in Omaha, Nebraska, America. A country where racism is so prevalent that his family frequently gets into a confrontation with the KKK and Black Legion society due to his father being a preacher. This results in his fathers’ death, his mother s mental breakdown, and the separation of his family. It completely put a strain on all of them, as they were forced apart. Throughout the story Malcolm’s personality goes through many transitions due to the various scenarios he went through, and all of them shape up to make up the man he becomes. It was written in first person even though Malcolm X didn’t write it; Malcolm X draws both on his past and his present understanding. So we get the feeling that this is the absolute truth even though it was w ritten by Alex Haley, Its almost as if he chose first person for a reason, this was the controversy surrounding the book. The book begins when Malcolm’s family moves to Michigan where they continue to experience persecution and violence. White people brutally murder Malcolm’s father by running over his face, from here things go downhill, he is forced to live in a foster home, because the State agency did not want to pay hisShow MoreRelatedThe Autobiography of Malcolm X729 Words   |  3 PagesLiterary Analysis: The Autobiography of Malcolm X The Autobiography of Malcolm X, told by Alex Haley, details the incredible journey of one of the most inspiration and life altering leaders the world has ever encountered. The book begins with the illustration of Malcolm’s early life experiences and ends with X predicting that he will die a violent death prior to seeing the publication of his autobiography. At the beginning of the book, Haley describes how Malcolm’s father, a Baptist MinisterRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesWho is Malcolm X? Answers tend to vary by person but in the â€Å"Autobiography of Malcolm X†, it really delved into the pivotal details of his life and readers like myself, went on an enthralling metaphorical journey to see the intriguing development of him as a child, a young adult, a convict, a follower, and ultimately a leader. For starters, Malcolm X was not born with the infamous and famous X. His birth name was Malcolm Little and the innocent Malcolm Little was very belittled (pun intended) inRead MoreAutobiography Of Malcolm X1614 Words   |  7 PagesKaykay Zhu October 19, 2017 The Autobiography of Malcolm X as told to Alex Haley is an account of Malcolm X’s evolving perspective on racial justice. Malcolm X was a prominent figure in the Nation of Islam who advocated for black nationalism and separatism. The man who became one of America’s most powerful voices for African Americans was deeply affected by the terrors of racism, which shaped his view of social justice and the condemnation of the white man. The way Malcolm X narrates his experiences changesRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1276 Words   |  6 PagesThe Autobiography of Malcolm X as told to Alex Haley, and Coming of Age in Mississippi by Anne Moody sheds light on how principles of ambition, pride, and faith throughout their lives paved individual paths for revolutionary success. Troubling upbringings as seen in both of their lives eventually instilled a drive that ultimately revolutionized America’s perspective of racial equality. Their worldview grows to encompass hum anity as one and is developed alongside their spiritual and cultural inquiryRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pages1 2 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MALCOLM X Introduction Malcolm X?s autobiography written in collaboration with Alex Haley is an exciting story of personality transformation. During several years, Malcolm X told Haley his biography in several extensive interviews. Haley described and orchestrated the stories and Malcolm X edited and endorsed every part of the book. The story is narrated in the first person and it seems like Malcolm was writing this of hisRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1701 Words   |  7 Pagesread the autobiography of Malcolm X. Malcolm X was one of the most controversial Men in American history. I’m familar with the name Malcolm X however, I’m not familliar with the works and background of Malcolm X. This is why I choose to read the autobiography of Malcolm X written by himself and Alex Haley. Which gives the read an insight on his background, beliefs, and the American society then. I believe that many people including myself have misunderstood Malcolm X. I believe that Mal colm X is misunderstoodRead MoreThe Autobiography of Malcolm X535 Words   |  2 Pages The autobiography of Malcolm X is a book that was published in 1965. It is of result of collaboration between human rights activist Mr. Malcolm X and journalist Alex Haley. The book depicts more about Malcolm X’s life, experiences and beliefs. The book again talks about spiritual conversion narrative that outlines Malcolm Xs philosophy of black pride, Black Nationalism. Malcolm was born in May 19th 1925 in Omaha to a family of Earl and Louise Little. The book also explains to us that he inheritatedRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X791 Words   |  4 Pageslife. Malcolm X told his life story of how he overcame in his autobiography simply called The Autobiography of Malcolm X as told to Alex Haley. His life changed the world historically, socially, and especially politically by taking a stand against racism of all kinds which still exists in today’s â€Å"modern† standards. Using his personal life experience with racism towards African-Americans, Malcolm spre ads the word on equality for all with a realistic tone that inspires trust in him. Malcolm X reachesRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1278 Words   |  6 PagesMalcolm X, born Malcolm Little, is one of the greatest advocates for race in the nation. However, his opinion of the state of racial issues in our country, and what can be done to solve them. Trials throughout Malcolm’s life of personal opinions and events that have occurred have shaped his outlook on the issue. Alex Haley’s autobiography novel, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, reveals Malcolm’s changing views on the solution of race in this country through the shaping stages of experiences in hisRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1634 Words   |  7 PagesThe Autobiography of Malcolm X was about one African Americans struggle during a time of extreme racism and discrimination to make a name for himself. Malcolm had many life experiences before tragically being shot and killed. He was a hustler in Harlem, a porter for a railroad, and was eventually a minister for the black Islam movement lead by Elijah Mahammad. Malcolm Little lived a very interesting life to become the man he will be remembered as. Right before Malcolm was born members of the KKK

The Hunters Phantom Chapter 19 Free Essays

â€Å"Honestly, Elena,† Aunt Judith said, shaking her head as she adjusted the car’s rearview mirror. â€Å"I don’t know why these kinds of things always seem to happen to you, but you find yourself in the strangest situations.† â€Å"Tel me about it,† Elena said, slumping down in the passenger seat of her aunt’s car and resting her head in her hands. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 19 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Thank you for picking me up, Aunt Judith. I just felt too shaky to drive after being at the hospital with Caleb and everything.† She swal owed. â€Å"I’m sorry I missed Margaret’s dance recital after al .† Aunt Judith patted Elena’s knee with one cool hand without taking her eyes off the road. â€Å"I told Margaret that Caleb got hurt and you had to take care of him. She understood. Right now I’m worried about you. It must have been a shock to find him like that, especial y when you realized it was someone you knew. What exactly happened?† Elena shrugged and repeated the lie she’d told the police. â€Å"I just found him lying there when I went to visit Mom and Dad.† Elena cleared her throat before continuing. â€Å"The hospital’s keeping him for a couple of days. They think he’s got a bad concussion and they want to watch and make sure his brain doesn’t swel . He woke up a little bit in the ambulance but was real y groggy and didn’t remember what had happened.† Which was lucky, Elena thought. What if he’d said he was attacked by Elena Gilbert’s boyfriend, who had something weird going on with his teeth? What if he’d said her boyfriend was a monster? It would be last fal al over again. Aunt Judith frowned sympathetical y and shook her head. â€Å"Wel , Caleb’s lucky you came along. He could have been lying there for days before anyone went looking for him.† â€Å"Yeah, lucky,† said Elena hol owly. She rol ed the bottom of her T-shirt between her fingers and was startled to realize she stil had her bathing suit on under her clothes. The picnic that afternoon seemed like it had taken place a mil ion years ago. Then something Aunt Judith said struck her. â€Å"What do you mean, he could have been lying there for days before anyone looked for him? What about his aunt and uncle?† â€Å"I tried cal ing them after you cal ed me, but it seems that Caleb’s been fending for himself for quite a while. When I reached them, they were out of town on vacation, and frankly they didn’t seem like they were too concerned about their nephew, even when I told them what had happened.† She sighed heavily. â€Å"I’l go visit him tomorrow and bring him some of the flowers from our garden he’s been working so hard on. He’l like that.† â€Å"Huh,† said Elena slowly. â€Å"I thought he told me he came here to stay with his aunt and uncle because they were so upset about Tyler being missing.† â€Å"Maybe so,† Aunt Judith said dryly, â€Å"but the Smal woods seem to be doing pretty wel now. They said that in their opinion, Tyler wil come home when he’s good and ready. That boy was always a little out of control. It sounds like Caleb is more worried about Tyler than they are.† She pul ed into the driveway of their house, and Elena fol owed her inside to where Robert was reading his newspaper at the kitchen table. â€Å"Elena, you look exhausted,† he said, folding the paper and looking up at her in concern. â€Å"Are you al right?† â€Å"I’m okay,† she said numbly. â€Å"It’s just been a long day.† She thought she had never made more of an understatement in her life. â€Å"Wel , Margaret’s gone to bed, but we saved you some dinner,† Aunt Judith said, making a move toward the refrigerator. â€Å"It’s a chicken casserole, and there’s some salad. You must be starving.† But suddenly Elena felt sick. She’d been suppressing al her feelings about Stefan and his attack on Caleb, keeping the images tamped down so she could get on with the business of dealing with the police and the staff at the hospital and her own family. But she was tired and her hands were shaking. She knew that she couldn’t keep everything under control for much longer. â€Å"I don’t want anything,† she said, backing away. â€Å"I can’t†¦ I’m not hungry, Aunt Judith. Thank you, though. I just want to take a bath and go to bed.† She turned and hurried out of the kitchen. â€Å"Elena! You have to eat something,† she heard Aunt Judith cry exasperatedly behind her as she hurried up the stairs. The solid-sounding murmur of Robert’s voice broke in: â€Å"Judith, let her go.† Elena ducked into the bathroom and closed the door behind her. She and Margaret shared the hal bathroom, and she busied herself with emptying Margaret’s bath toys from the tub, keeping her mind careful y blank: a pink rubber ducky, a pirate ship, a stack of gaily colored plastic cups. A goofily smiling purple seahorse looked up at her with painted blue eyes. Once the tub was empty, Elena ran the water as hot as she could stand and poured in a generous dol op of apricot-scented bubble bath from a bottle that promised to soothe her spirit while rejuvenating her skin. Soothing and rejuvenating sounded good, although Elena had her doubts about how much she could reasonably expect from a bottle of bubble bath. When the tub was ful and frothy with a thick layer of bubbles, Elena quickly undressed and stepped into the steaming water. It stung at first, but she eased herself in bit by bit, gradual y getting accustomed to the temperature. Once she was comfortable, she lay back in the water, her hair floating out like a mermaid’s, the sounds of the house muffled by the water over her ears, and let the thoughts she’d been avoiding come at last. Tears overflowed her eyes and trickled down her cheeks to join the bathwater. She had believed that everything was going to be normal now that they were back home, that things were going to be good again. When she and her friends had gotten the Guardians to send them back and to change things, to reverse the deaths, to fix the broken, to make everything the way it would have been if nothing dangerous had touched the little town of Fel ‘s Church, she had thought that it would make her life simple and easy. She would have her family, her friends, her Stefan. But it wasn’t going to work, was it? It wasn’t ever going to be that way, not for Elena. As soon as she’d come back to town, the very first day she’d stepped outside into the sunshine of a Fel ‘s Church summer, something dark and evil and supernatural had started stalking her and her friends. And as for Stefan†¦ God†¦ Stefan. What was happening to him? When she closed her eyes, she saw Caleb flying through the air and heard that horrible, final-sounding crack that Caleb’s head had made as it connected with the marble of the mausoleum. What if Caleb never ful y recovered? What if this cute, innocent guy, this guy whose parents had died and left him like hers had died and left her, was broken forever because of Stefan? Stefan. How had he become the kind of person who could do something like that? Stefan, who felt guilty about the animals he took blood from, the doves and rabbits and deer of the forest. The Stefan who she knew at the deepest level of her soul, who she thought kept nothing from her – that Stefan would never have harmed a human being like that. Elena lay in the bathtub until the water got cold and her tears had stopped. Then she got out, drained the tub, dried her hair, brushed her teeth, put on a nightgown, cal ed good night to Aunt Judith and Robert, and climbed into bed. She did not want to write in her diary. Not tonight. She switched off the light and lay flat on her back, staring into the darkness – the same blackness, she thought, as Damon’s eyes. Damon had been a monster, she knew – he had kil ed, although not as blithely as he pretended; he had manipulated people and enjoyed it; he had haunted and hated Stefan for hundreds of years – but she had also seen the lost little boy he kept locked inside him. He had loved her, she had loved him, and he had died. And she loved Stefan. Desperately, devotedly, undeniably. She loved the sincerity in his eyes, his pride, his courtly manners, his honor, and his intel igence. She loved that he had rejected the monster that lurked inside him, the one that had driven so many vampires to terrible acts. She loved the sorrow he held – for his past, for his hatred and jealousy of Damon, for the terrible things he had seen. And she loved the hope that always sprang up in him, the strength of wil Stefan possessed that al owed him to keep fighting back the darkness. Beyond al that, she loved Stefan. But she was afraid. She had thought she knew him inside and out, that she could see clear through to the innermost reaches of his soul. That wasn’t true, not anymore. Not since the Guardians had stripped her powers, severing their psychic connection and reverting her back to a normal, human girl. Elena rol ed over and buried her face in the pil ow. She knew the truth now. No matter what the Guardians had done for her, she would never be a normal girl. Her life would never be simple. Tragedy and horror would fol ow her forever. In the end, there was nothing Elena could do to change her destiny. How to cite The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 19, Essay examples

Components of Criminal Justice System free essay sample

This presentation will address the components of the criminal justice system and the stages of the criminal justice process. Police, court and corrections are the main components in the criminal justice system; they each play a significant role in the various stages. The content will be an overview of the criminal justice system as well as a description of the police officer, district attorney, defense attorney and local magistrate roles. The prosecution should become involved in a case post arrest and stay out of the original stages of the investigation to avoid a miscarriage of justice. A defense attorney can become involved in a case before the person is investigated or arrested because everyone has the right to counsel at any time. A magistrate judge’s function begins after the police file a criminal complaint and ends when the case proceeds to trial. Criminal Justice The criminal justice system is the combination of legal and social institutions used to enforce criminal law in accordance with a defined set of rules and limitations. We will write a custom essay sample on Components of Criminal Justice System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The main goals of the criminal justice system are deterrence, retribution, restoration, incapacitation and rehabilitation (Mutchnick, 2011). The purpose of deterrence is to prevent criminal behaviors through the fear of punishment and prosecution. Retribution seeks to take revenge on a criminal by punishing them and making them pay for their crime. Restoration attempts to repair the damage done to the victim by building back the relationship between the victim and the criminal and between the criminal and the community. Incapacitation takes away the criminal’s ability to further harm the community by removing them from society, incarcerating them in a proper facility. The final goal of the criminal justice system is rehabilitation which tries to reform a criminal by providing the skills and emotional strength to live without committing a crime. The main components of the criminal justice system consist of the police, the courts and the corrections (Mutchnick, 2011). These components play different roles in the criminal justice system and can involve various offices and agencies. The police protect individual’s property and life by enforcing the law and dedicating their time to reduce and prevent crime. Police maintain the public peace by apprehending offenders and investigating crimes. Next, the courts protect the rights of individuals by ensuring due process was followed and conducting fair and impartial trails (Mutchnick, 2011). The court system determines innocence or guilt of an individual and decides on criminal cases. The third component of the criminal justice system is the corrections which provide custody and supervision for convicted and sentenced offenders. The corrections system tries to rehabilitate, reform and help to reintegrate criminal offenders back into the community. The criminal justice process consists of five major stages: investigation and arrest, pretrial activities, trial, sentencing and corrections (Mutchnick, 2011). Each stage involves the different components of the criminal justice system the police, the courts and corrections. The first stage of investigation and arrest involve issuing a warrant to gather evidence to reconstruct the crime scene. An officer of the court directs a law enforcement official to perform a specific act related to the investigation of a crime by using a warrant which provides legal protections for the search and seizure of evidence and property. The police will arrest the alleged criminal and process them into the corrections system which is also known as â€Å"booking†. Pretrial activities include the first appearance, preliminary hearing, information or indictment and arraignment (Mutchnick, 2011). A suspect must be brought before a magistrate judge within 48 hours of their arrest for an initial court appearance. The magistrate will explain the individual’s rights, their charges and provide the opportunity for bail. The preliminary hearing decides whether there is enough evidence against the defendant to proceed through the judicial process. The court judge must determine if there is probable cause that the defendant committed the alleged crime. In some states, a formal written accusation is required to be heard by the grand jury before the case can go to trial. The arraignment is when the defendant first appears before the court that has the authority to move forward to the trial. After all of the pre-trial activities, the next stage of the criminal justice system is the criminal trial. The trial is held in the court system and the district attorney attempts to prove that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The trial examines of the evidence, presents witnesses and other information relevant to the accused crime. The trial decides whether the defendant is innocent or guilty and whether the individual should be convicted or acquitted from the charges. When the defendant is found guilty, the criminal justice system proceeds to the next stage of sentencing. The court judge sentences the criminal to pay fines, be placed on probation or to be incarcerated. The judge decides what the appropriate punishment would be based on the defendant’s criminal record and the nature of the crime. Individuals found guilty on multiple charges will serve either consecutive or concurrent sentences. Consecutive sentences are served one after another while concurrent sentences are served all at the same time (Mutchnick, 2011). Police officers protect property and life by enforcing laws, ordinances and regulations. They are responsible for performing routine duties assigned by superior officers and patrolling assigned areas. According to the Municipal Fire Police Civil Service Board, police work normally includes checking parking meters, traffic patrol, preliminary investigation and investigation duties (Municipal Fire Police, 2011). Police officers must be able to act without direct supervision when faced with personal dangers. They may also be required to assist other employees in the police department with other duties such as interrogations, searches and escorting prisoners. Police officers are employed by federal, state or municipal governments and are responsible for enforcing the laws of their jurisdiction. They are expected to exercise their authority when necessary, whether on or off duty (Municipal Fire Police, 2011). Uniformed police officers are assigned general law enforcement duties such as patrolling their assigned area and responding to calls for service. Some police officers specialize in more specific types of duties such as fingerprint identification, firearms training or chemical analysis. Others work with special units such as drug taskforce, special weapons and tactics (SWAT), canine patrol and emergency response teams. Police officers and detectives at all levels of employment are responsible for writing reports and keeping meticulous records that would be needed if they testify in court. A District Attorney is an appointed government official who represents the U. S. Government in the prosecution of criminal offenses (U. S. Legal, 2011). The District Attorney’s Office investigates alleged crimes in cooperation with the police, manages the prosecutor’s office and files criminal charges or brings evidence before the Grand Jury. District Attorneys preside over a particular area or jurisdiction and their duties are governed by state law. They must bring up all court indictments and prosecute all indictable offenses and are prohibited from practicing law in any other manner than in the discharge of their office. The District Attorney’s Office is also responsible for issuing subpoenas for persons to appear in court and administering oaths to examine them for violating the criminal laws of the state (Net Industries, 2011). The prosecutor’s office should become involved in a case post arrest, after the criminal is arrested by law enforcement officials or police officers. After the alleged crime is investigated, it is the role of the police to initiate the criminal proceedings by filing a formal compliant with Magisterial District Judge(MDJ) in the area that the crime was committed (). The MDJ decides to issue a summons or a warrant depending on the seriousness of the alleged crime. When a warrant issues an arrest on an individual, the person must appear before the MDJ for a preliminary arraignment where they will receive a copy of the criminal charges and be advised of their rights (). The prosecutor’s office is not involved until after the preliminary hearing and formal arraignment, when the pretrial conference is held with the defendant, the defense and the assistant district attorney prosecuting the case. During the pretrial conference, all pretrial matters are resolved and the defendant can choose to enter a plea of guilty or elect to have a non-jury or jury trial (U. S. Legal, 2011). The prosecutor should not be involved in the original stages of the investigation because it would be considered a miscarriage of justice. Police officers and detectives are responsible for conduction investigations and gather evidence to file criminal complaints against offenders. The District Attorney is only involved when the case goes to court and the person is actually on trial. The prosecutor should not try to find offenders and become involved in investigations because it is not their job and they could cause unnecessary bias or complications. It is not a good idea to involve court prosecution with the fact-finding stages of the criminal justice system because they would be influencing the prosecution of the alleged criminal. In order for the criminal justice system to be fair, each component must complete the asks that are assigned to them and not try to share roles when it comes to justice. The Model Rules of Professional Conduct define the role of a criminal defense attorney as a lawyer that represents clients as an officer of the legal system and a public citizen with special responsibility for the quality of justice (Flowers, 2011). The three main roles of the criminal defense attorney are as an advocate, an officer of the court and a minister of ju stice. The American Bar Association Criminal Justice Standards suggest that defense attorneys satisfy their duty to the administration of justice as an officer the court by serving as the accused’s counselor and advocating with courage and devotion to render quality representation (Flowers, 2011). Criminal defense attorneys have duties to the court as well as the defendant. It would be inaccurate and unethical to say that a criminal defense attorney is only an advocate because they have a responsibility to seek the truth and uphold the rules of the court. The criminal defense attorney can become involved in a case prior to indictment or arrest. Every citizen has a right to counsel before charges are even filed (Flowers, 2011). As soon as someone becomes aware that police are questioning or investigating, they can seek a criminal defense attorney to prevent being arrested or charged. The earlier that the defense attorney is involved, the better chance the defendant will have to win the court case. Although if a person is guilty, they may want to plead guilty to receive a lesser charge or sentence when they are convicted. Criminal defense attorneys should advise their clients on the best options and choices available regarding pleading guilty and making a deal with the prosecutor’s office. Many times the defense will not want to risk getting convicted by a jury and they will seek a plea agreement with the district attorney’s office. These plea agreements are at the discretion of the prosecution and they can refuse proposed deals at any time. A local magistrate’s function begins when the police file criminal charges against an individual. The Magistrate’s job consists of deciding whether to summons the accused or issue a warrant for the person’s arrest. If a warrant is issued, the accused person must appear before the Magistrate judge to be advised of his or her rights and receive a copy of the criminal compliant (Northumberland, 2000). At the preliminary arraignment, the Magistrate judge can decide whether to grant the defendant bail. Usually within 3 to 10 days of the arrest and preliminary arraignment, the preliminary hearing is held before the Magisterial District judge and the district attorney will present evidence to prove that a crime has been committed and there is reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime (Northumberland, 2000). This is known as a prima facie case which means that the case will proceed to trial. The Magistrate judge will be no longer involved in the criminal proceedings as the president judge will preside over arraignment and throughout the trial. Conclusion The criminal justice system is the collaboration of police, court and corrections systems to enforce criminal laws and limitations. The five major stages of the criminal justice system are investigation and arrest, pretrial activities, trial, sentencing and corrections. Each stage involves various components of the criminal justice system to ensure that justice is fair. Police officers protect property and life by enforcing laws, ordinances and regulations in their jurisdiction. District Attorneys represent the U. S. government through the investigation and prosecution of alleged crimes. The prosecutor’s office should become involved in a case post-arrest which is after the alleged criminal is investigated and arrested. It would be considered a miscarriage of justice if the prosecution was involved in the original stages of the investigation because they should not be completing police officer’s responsibilities. Criminal defense attorneys serve as an advocate for their clients, an officer of the court and a minister of justice. The function of the Magisterial District Judge begins when the police file a criminal complaint against an individual and ends when the case progresses to an actual trial. The criminal justice system is a complex arrangement of resources used to uphold the law and prosecute criminal offenses.

The Fall of the House of Usher

Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher is a short story which makes the reader feel fear, depression and guilt from the very first page and up to the final scene.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Fall of the House of Usher specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Having read the story up to the end, it seems that Usher and his sister are the most depressive people in the house and a simple guest, Usher’s friend who arrived becomes deeply depressed too because of the general conditions and mood in the house. However, looking at the situation from another angle, it is possible to see that depressed and gloomy atmosphere in the house is much exaggerated because of the pessimistic vision of life by the narrator personally. Therefore, having read a story attentively, it is possible to doubt the events which took place there and try to consider the situation from another point of view. The Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher is a story about Usher and his family. The house is depicted as the symbol of the atmosphere and relations in the family. From the very beginning the house is shown as the place that gives â€Å"a sense of insufferable gloom† and â€Å"natural images of the desolate or terrible† (Poe, 2000, p. 1264). The narrator sees â€Å"the blank walls†¦ with an utter depression of soul†¦ after-dream of the reveler upon opium† (Poe, 2000, p. 1264). Describing the house, the protagonist sees â€Å"iciness, a sinking, a sickening of the heart†, and â€Å"barely perceptible fissure, which, extending from the roof of the building in front, made its way down the wall in a zigzag direction, until it became lost in the sullen waters of the tarn† (Poe, 2000, p. 1265).Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More All these descriptions create the gloomy mood before the reader gets acquainted with those who live in the house. Therefore, seeing the health problems the inhabitants of the house have, the reader takes it for granted that the atmosphere in the house is depressive. Reading of the books, listening to the music and even watching the paintings, in a word, everything the inhabitants of the house do puts the reader to consider the whole situation as depressive because of Usher and his sister. However, if one takes a closer reading and considers the first lines of the story, everything may be changed. â€Å"During the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens, I had been passing alone, on horseback, through a singularly dreary tract of country; and at length found myself, as the shades of evening drew on† (Poe, 2000, p. 1264) is the first part from the Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher. Have not seen the house, have not ex perienced the doom atmosphere there, the protagonist is already depressed. Therefore, this scene makes a reader doubt the events which took place in the story. Hinzpeter (2012) makes an offer that â€Å"the first-person-narrator may have suffered from depression or some other sort of causeless melancholy from the very beginning and was therefore easily influenced by the gothic setting† (p. 10). So, it may be concluded that the gothic setting makes the narrator discuss simple life of people who do not communicate with the outside world due to their diseases as a depressive and criminal. The events which happened in the story may be an imagination of the narrator.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Fall of the House of Usher specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, one detail makes the reader doubt this statement, the â€Å"perceptible fissure† which is not too big at the beginning, and then the fi ssures are too big at the end and they cause the house fall. Reference List Hinzpeter, K. (2012). Unreliable Narration in Poe’s ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’ – The Narrative Creation of Horror. New York: GRIN Verlag. Poe, E. (2000). The fall of the house of Usher. In R. Bausch R.V. Cassill (Eds.), The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction (pp. 1264-1277). New York: W. W. Norton. This essay on The Fall of the House of Usher was written and submitted by user Melody Gentry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dyslexia and Multisensory Teaching Approaches

Dyslexia and Multisensory Teaching Approaches Multisensory learning involves using two or more senses during the learning process. For example, a teacher who provides lots of hands-on activities, such as building a 3-dimensional map enhances their lesson by allowing the children to touch and see the concepts she is teaching. A teacher who uses oranges to teach fractions adds sight, smell, touch and taste to an otherwise difficult lesson. According to the International Dyslexia Association (IDA), multisensory teaching is an effective approach to teaching children with dyslexia. In traditional teaching, students typically use two senses: sight and hearing. Students see words when reading and they hear the teacher speaking. But many children with dyslexia may have problems processing visual and auditory information. By including more of the senses, making lessons come alive by incorporating touch, smell and taste into their lessons, teachers can reach more students and help those with dyslexia learn and retain information. Some ideas take just a little effort but can bring about big changes. Tips for Creating a Multisensory Classroom Writing homework assignments on the board. Teachers can use different colors for each subject and notations if books will be needed. For example, use yellow for math homework, red for spelling and green for history, writing a sign next to the subjects students need books or other materials. The different colors allow students to know at a glance which subjects have homework and what books to bring home.Use different colors to signify different parts of the classroom. For example, use bright colors in the main area of the classroom to help motivate children and promote creativity. Use shades of green, which help increase concentration and feelings of emotional well-being, in reading areas and computer stations.Use music in the classroom. Set math facts, spelling words or grammar rules to music, much as we use to teach children the alphabet. Use soothing music during reading time or when students are required to work quietly at their desks.Use scents in the classroom to convey differe nt feelings. According to the article Do scents affect peoples moods or work performance? in the November, 2002 issue of Scientific American, People who worked in the presence of a pleasant smelling air freshener also reported higher self-efficacy, set higher goals and were more likely to employ efficient work strategies than participants who worked in a no-odor condition. Aromatherapy can be applied to the classroom. Some common beliefs about scents include: Lavender and vanilla help promote relaxationCitrus, peppermint and pine help increase alertnessCinnamon helps to improve focus You may find that your students react differently to certain scents, so experiment to find which works best using a variety of air fresheners. Start with a picture or object. Usually, students are asked to write a story and then illustrate it, write a report, and find pictures to go with it, or draw a picture to represent a math problem. Instead, start with the picture or object. Ask students to write a story about a picture they found in a magazine or break the class into small groups and give each group a different piece of fruit, asking the group to write descriptive words or a paragraph about the fruit. Make stories come to life. Have students create skits or puppet shows to act out a story the class is reading. Have students work in small groups to act out one part of the story for the class. Use different colored paper. Instead of using plain white paper, copy hand-outs on different color paper to make the lesson more interesting. Use green paper one day, pink the next and yellow the day after. Encourage discussion. Break the class into small groups and have each group answer a different question about a story that was read. Or, have each group come up with a different ending to the story. Small groups offer each student a chance to participate in the discussion, including students with dyslexia or other learning disabilities who may be reluctant to raise their hand or speak up during class. Use different types of media to present lessons. Incorporate different ways of teaching, like films, slide shows, overhead sheets, P owerpoint presentations. Pass pictures or manipulatives around the classroom to allow students to touch and see the information up close. Making each lesson unique and interactive keeps students interest and helps them retain the information learned. Create games to review material. Create a version of Trivial Pursuit to help review facts in science or social studies. Making reviews fun and exciting will help students remember the information.   ReferencesDo scents affect peoples moods or work performance? 2002, Nov 11, Rachel S. Herz, Scientific AmericanInternational Dyslexia Association. (2001). Just the facts: Information provided by the International Dyslexia Association: Orton-Gillingham-Based and/or Multisensory Structured Language approaches. (Fact Sheet No.968). Baltimore: Maryland.

A Tale of Two Cities Dialectical Journal

There was a belief during this time that the Germans and followers of the Germans believed that Jews were aliens, but I actually believe the Germans were the aliens. How they could go from being decent individuals, as stated in this quote, to being madmen who slaughter people for no good reason is utterly beyond me. The aliens must have taken over the minds of the Germans at this point in time. Its the only logical explanation | â€Å"Three days later, a new decree: every Jew must wear the yellow star. The yellow star? Oh well, what of it? You don’t die of it†¦. (Poor Father! Of what then did you die? † (6)| I find this quote to be quite sardonic. When you think about having something sewed onto your clothes such as a yellow star, you wouldnt think at all that it would kill you because, its not directly hurting you in any way. This is what the father, I think, meant when he said So what? Its not lethal But then, you look deeper and realize that the yellow star symbolizes all of these peoples faith and religion, which is whats ultimately the reason these Jews were being persecuted, because of this faith and the things they believed in, and this is why Wiesel added this slightly satirical comment in parentheses. â€Å"I wanted to come back to Sighet to tell you the story of my death. So that you could prepare yourselves while there was still time. To live? I don’t attach my importance to my life any more. I’m alone. No, I wanted to come back, and to warn you And see how it is, no one will listen to me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (4)| This is when the harshness of what was taking place during the Holocaust first hit me in this book. This man has experienced and seen so much terror take place that he has lost his will to live. It makes me wonder how the Nazis could have lived with themselves after inflicting this kind of trauma into people’s lives (and taking lives, as well). This man feels his only purpose now is to save others from his terrible fate. It shocks me that someone could have been put through that much pain and suffering to the point of not caring about whether they live or not. | â€Å"Behind me, I heard the same man asking: ‘Where is God now? ’  And I heard a voice within me answer him: ‘Where He is? Here He is- He is hanging here on this gallows†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (42-43)| This shows all of the pure evil and hatred that the Nazis and Hitler poured out to the world. They were strangling God. Anything remotely good and wholesome was squashed immediately. God could no longer do anything to save Hitler and the monsters that followed him. They had bound him. For those monsters to have hung a child shows that their hearts are forever gone past the point of return. The poor child that they hung represents God. God’s love was suffocating throughout the world. So many cruel men (if you can consider them men, being the soulless, heartless beings that they were) were trying to destroy God. | â€Å"’There are eighty of you in the wagon,’ added the German officer. ‘If anyone is missing, you’ll all be shot, like dogs † (15) | This is just disgusting to me. Humans are being treated like a herd of animals. I do not understand how you can have such disregard for life. The German officer would not even think twice about killing the entire lot of them. He would not care that he just ended eighty lives, some of which would have been children’s. I am appalled that he would have the nerve to cruelly murder so many people because one person would have tried to escape from the hell they were in. I wonder how the officer would have felt if suddenly, the gun had been turned on him. | The night was gone. The morning star shining in the sky. I too had become a completely different person. The student of Talmud, the child I was, had been consumed in the flames. There remained only a shape that looked like me. A dark flame had entered into my soul and devoured it. (24)| This passage, I think, describes how much a person can change once he or she has been exposed to the many horrors present in the Jewish concentration camps. These people in these camps might have easily become mentally unstable, because they would witness murder and beatings every day; the suffering of countless people. The people themselves also had to endure unknown numbers of days in cattle cars and barracks, which could also have been traumatic. Seeing and experiencing all of these things can change a person, and the way they think. No longer is Elie the innocent child who wanted to study religion in his hometown, but now has to deal with the living hell of his mind, which has ultimately changed him. | What have you come here for, you sons of bitches? have hanged yourselves rather than come here. Didnt you know what was in store for you at Auschwitz? Haven’t you heard about it? In 1944? (20)| This passage surprised me in the severity and urgency of the mans words. But also, how could they have had a choice but to go there? The man stated this right as the Wiesels were entering the camp, and it almost acts as one of those common beware phrases you hear in movies, like when they warn the person before they intrude. Im also surprised that none of the new people entering the camp had heard of Auschwitz before, even though now its seen as one of the most well known Nazi concentration camps from the war. They might not have known about it because the Nazis were trying to keep all of the names of the camps and the happenings going on within them on the down-low, so that Jews (like the Wiesels) didnt know what was awaiting them and so didnt have time to run, and also maybe they tried to keep the camps a secret so that fighting forces didnt know much about them, either. | â€Å"Not far from us, flames were leaping up from a ditch, gigantic flames. They were burning something. A lorry drew up at the pit and delivered its load- little children. Babies! Yes, I saw it- saw it with my own eyes†¦ those children in the flames. † (21)| When I read this, I had to stop, go back, and reread it. I was in total disbelief. You would expect to hear of atrocities such as this in fictional tales of horror, not in actual history. And yet, it is true. Little infants were thrown into fire! How could anyone do that and not want to kill themselves because of their guilt? How could the people doing this have no emotion toward these babies at all! These children all had a place in the world, a life to live, dreams to fulfill, and so much more. Now, those budding lives and dreams have been turned into ash to be swept away by the wind. They could not even form words to cry out because they were so young. These babies were completely innocent and pure. They have never done anything to harm anyone. And they are being murdered. | â€Å"The passengers on our boat were amusing themselves by throwing coins to the ‘natives,’ who were diving in to get them. An attractive, aristocratic Parisienne was deriving special pleasure from the game. † (67)| This made me shake my head in shame, for this is a perfect example of getting pleasure ut of another person’s pain. This woman feels that she is inferior to these poor children, so she decides that she might as well mock their suffering while having some â€Å"fun† with it. This woman only cares about herself, and (whether the children see it or not), is rubbing it in the natives’ faces that she has a pleasant life while they are struggling. The fac t that she would use the children’s poverty and misery to amuse herself revolts me. How could this woman be so uncaring about these people? And then how could she dare to take it a step further by scoffing at their destitution. â€Å"Why, but why should I bless Him? In every fiber I rebelled. Because He had thousands of children burned in His pits? Because He kept six crematories working night and day, on Sundays and feast days? Because in His great might He had created Auschwitz, Birkenau, Buna, and so many factories of death? How could I say to Him: ‘Blessed art Thou, Eternal, Master of the Universe, Who chose us from among the races to be tortured day and night, to see our fathers, our mothers, our brothers, end in the crematory? † (44)| This quote, to me, represents lost hope in the last belief that the Jews have left. What do they have to be grateful for if their God, their Master of the Universe, has let them down? What do they have to be thankful for? What then are you living for? The Jewish people living in the camps still prayed to their God daily, because it was the only thing they felt like they still could do, still had some control over. Many of the people still whole-heartedly believed that the Gods were still with them, on their side, just putting them through some agonizing test to study how they react. The other side of this is that since so much misfortune had been cast upon these people, I can see why the few (like Wiesel) might be mad at God, and choose not to pray to Him anymore. They might think that their God had switched sides, and and even wanted them all gone. Whichever way you think about it, God played a huge role in the fate of the Jews. Its what killed the Jews, yet it also keeps them alive. | Survival in harsh conditions- The commandant announced that we had already covered forty-two miles since we left. It was a long time since we had passed beyond the limits of fatigue. Our legs were moving mechanically, in spite of us, without us. (58)| Throughout Wiesels journey from start to finish, Wiesel had to battle natures fierce elements. He described a time when all the inmates had to go through the showers, only to be driven out into the cold. They were stark naked and it was 30 or 20 degrees Fahrenheit. Another would be the death march. Wiesel marched through the snow and wind gusts. | We stayed motionless, petrified. Surely it was all a nightmare? An unimaginable nightmare? (20)| In these short sentences, Elie Wiesel describes how all of this seemed like a nightmare. A nightmare that you cannot wake up from. He makes the horrors of the Holocaust more understandable to us by relating it to a nightmare. We can imagine our worst nightmare, and imagine if it really was true? If it wasnt a nightmare, but real life? Its unbelievable. Elie Wiesel was standing in a line in a concentration camp, a boy of fifteen. The line led to death, to his grave. He was in line for the crematory. The smell of human flesh in the air. How could we imagine such a sight? It cant. The only thing that can be is perhaps our worst nightmare. | I’ve got more faith in Hitler than in anyone else. He’s the only one who’s kept his promises, all his promises, to the Jewish people. (53)| This quote is definitely one of the more memorable ones from this book. When people started losing sight of their God in the camps, because He had not been listening to their prayers or something, they didnt have faith anymore that He would follow through with anything. Unlike this, Hitler was always carrying out his promises to the Jews. He promised that they would be put in concentration camps. He promised that they most would be killed. He promised that they all would suffer. And so in this sense, people had more faith in what he said, because they knew that whatever he said would be the truth, and he would make it happen. | Someone began to recite Kaddish, the prayer for the dead. I do not know if it has ever happened before, in the long history of the Jews, that people have ever recited the prayer for the dead for themselves. (22)| People dont recite Kaddish for themselves in Jewish law, even when they know theyre about to die. They know that their family friends, and the rabbi will recite it for them. But in the Holocaust, the people knew that they were going to die. Everyone shared the same fate. Many had no one else to recite Kaddish for them. Reciting the Kaddish for themselves made them feel better because who will care enough to recite Kaddish for them? Their family was dying too. They couldnt recite Kaddish for them. | â€Å"Death wrapped itself around me till I was stifled. It stuck to me. I felt that I could touch it. The idea of dying, of no longer being, began to fascinate me. Not to exist any longer. † (58)| Elie is beginning to reach his breaking point. Death has come for him but has continued to fail. However, now, Elie is too tired to run, too tired to fight. Death is considered a gift to him. An escape from the hellish camp. | â€Å"I did not believe him myself. I would often sit with him in the evening after the service, listening to his stories and trying to hardest to understand his grief. I felt only pity for him. † (3)| | In the wagon where the bread had landed, a real battle had broken out. Men threw themselves on top of each other, stamping on each other, tearing at each other, biting each other. Wild beasts of prey, with animal hatred in their eyes; an extraordinary vitality had seized them, sharpening their teeth and nails. (67)| I think there is a level of desperation in which one loses sight of their humanity and turns to being instead a savage animal, as can be proven from this situation. To kill over a crust of bread? These people were getting so desperate to survive, they would do anything to keep themselves alive, even if it meant killing others in the same situation. This relates back to Hobbes theory of human natu re, and that it is that every one is cruel and barbaric at heart. I dont believe we are all this way by choice, but then when things get tough, we have no choice but to do whats in our own best interest. â€Å"The race towards death had begun. † (6)| Elie was aware of everything that was going on. He knew that every action and every word they said would count against them if they did something wrong. He knew that from that point on that everything was a competition and they had to be prepared whether they lived or not. | | | | | We were the masters of nature, masters of the world. We had transcended everythingdeath, fatigue, our natural needs. We were stronger than cold and hunger, stronger than the guns and the desire to die, doomed and rootless, nothing but numbers, we were the only men on earth. (58)| To be able to bring this empowering, inspiring, quote into the story was very uplifting to read. To realize that Wiesel still, at this terrible time, thought of the Jews as t he most powerful people he had ever known was so moving. He realized that these people who had been beaten, murdered, and tortured, were still standing for something so important, and that in the end, they would prevail. Because good always does. They were the strongest men alive. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pg 30 top of page| |

Building Information Modeling (BIM) For Sustainable Design Dissertation

Building Information Modeling (BIM) For Sustainable Design - Dissertation Example Introduction 29 5.2. Kiowa County School, Greensburg, Kansas 29 6. Results and Discussion 33 7. References 37 Building Information Modeling for Sustainable Design 1. Chapter One: Introduction 1.1. Impact of Building Construction on Environment Building construction is one of the oldest human activities on the earth. The proverb â€Å"necessity is the mother of invention† probably evoked in human talent for creating a controlled environment in order to moderate the effects of climate. Human beings constructed shelters to adapt themselves to a wide variety of climates (Encyclopedia of Britannica, n.d.). This is how emerged a new activity, which is called building construction. Centuries of development have established three principal characteristics of building construction; design, material, and comfort. The history of evolution of building construction has marked number of trends that are associated with these characteristics. Among them are search for increasing durability of building materials, quest for providing greater height and span to the construction, implementation of innovative approaches to increase the degrees of control over the interior environment of the building as well as the use of more robust machineries in construction (Encyclopedia of Britannica, n.d.). The present state of building construction is the result of many evolutionary processes like agrarian, industrial, and digital. In the process of evolution, the design process of building construction became more and more complicated. At the same time, this process also created a broad range of building products that are categorized according to the building types and markets. Today’s building construction process involves professionals like building product manufacturers, craftsmen, contractors, coordinators, specialized consultants, and quality control personnel. This complex integrated process represents the largest industry in the world. According to United States Environm ental Protection Agency (EPA), in the USA this industry in 2002 consisted of 223,114 establishments representing more than $531 billion in annual revenues. It is no doubt that this complex process provides countless benefit to the society, however; at the same it uses a vast amount of resources. Worldwide construction activities consume three billion tons of raw materials each year; it is 60% of total global use (Dixon, 2010; Ahmed, 2010). Loss of agricultural land to the building is 80% (Dixon, 2010). Total land area in the USA is 2.3 billion acres; urban land area from 1945 to 2002 quadrupled against twofold population growth over the same period (United States Energy Protection Agency, 2009). During the time of 1997 to 2002, rural land use for residential purposes increased by 29% (United States Energy Protection Agency, 2009); no other industry uses more material worldwide than the construction industry (Ahmed, 2010). Per Australian Bureau of statistics building and construction industries use 55% of timber, 27% of plastic products and 12% of iron and steel (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2003). Building construction industry on one side consumes enormous natural resources, and on the other side it gives to nature heat and pollution, construction waste, solid waste, sewage and surface drainage. According to EPA (United States Energy Protection Agency, 2009), buildings in the United States produces 38.9% of the nation’s total carbon dioxide emissions; 20.8% from the residential sector and 18.1% from the commercial sector. According to

Current event and Us Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Current event and Us Diplomacy - Essay Example rld War Two and dominated decades of international crisis and major global affairs as the countries engaged in psychological, technological, economic and even sports competitions to exercise and stage a sense of supremacy over the other. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the doctrine employed by John F. Kennedy during his tenure as president. Kennedy took over the most important position in the global arena – the presidency of the United States, at a time when tensions between the US-led West and the Soviet-led East were quite evident, because of this premise the foremost agenda for the president during his tenure was to identify and then curb the growth of communism. Kennedy’s vision was that of a stronger America that had the ability to conquer the challenges communism posed for freedom. According to many commentators Kennedy actually had very little ideology in the creation of his foreign policy other than his anti-communist sentiments and an unparalleled belief in the capability of strong governance. In his inaugural address Kennedy made his belief and desire for expected action against communism very clear when he addressed the issue in the following words; â€Å"Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate† (John F. Kennedy, 1961). Kennedy’s presidency saw the o ccurrence of notable events such as increased participation of the United States in the Vietnam War and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Many commentators have argued, assessed and discussed the emergence of presidential doctrines and their origins, until the arrival of the twentieth century the only presidential doctrine that actually had the name of a president associated with it was that of Monroe’s (Brands, 2006). The Kennedy Doctrine arrived at a crucial time for the United States, outlining the foreign policy agenda for his establishment, the major tenets for the policy firstly outlined that the United States would not pursue any military initiative

Illegal music downloading at the University of Maryland Essay Example for Free

Illegal music downloading at the University of Maryland Essay To the University of Maryland, the reported contained herein should serve as an effective investigation into the patterns of illegal downloading of music on the campus. As this is a serious legal issue for which the recorded music industry has levied considerable pressure over universities, it is clear that there is a necessity to adopt a strategy which promotes legal downloading. Currently, the University’s strategy problematically mirrors that of much of the music industry itself. Such is to say that it remains convolutedly uncertain as to how best to diminish the appeal of free or illegal downloading which has been so dominant in the campus culture of the last decade. Contained herein is a strategy which is ironically novel in its approach, insofar as it projects its interest in the student which is at the core of this issue. Such is to say that for far too long, industry and universities have consulted one another and legal scholars in order to determine what actions might be taken against said student. Indeed, a perusal of the University of Maryland’s Play Fair website, which is intended to serve as an educational forum on the subject of illegal downloading and which is subject to greater consideration further along in this study, is demonstrative of the combative stance that has been so counter-constructive. Therefore, the research examination here is centered on the survey-collected input of university students, whom are at direct issue and who are most directly impacted by the issue at hand. By considering the insights of University of Maryland students on the issues of illegal downloading, pay-service downloading and the declining conditions in the music industry at large, the research will be intended to propose some direct and actionable recommendations which should lend to a long-term resolution of this situation for the University. Inherently, this discussion and the research yielded will demonstrate a core set of philosophical and economic issues requisite and illuminating to the discussion that are nonetheless fairly complex and, therefore, not easily addressed in a broader social, political and educational scheme, regardless of the recommendations approached here..

Humorous and Casual Wedding Speech by the Groom -- Wedding Toasts Roas

Humorous and Casual Wedding Speech by the Groom They say marriage is an institution and therefore, it seems proper that I am about to be married since some of you have been saying I should have been institutionalized for years. Some of you may be concerned as to whether I am actually prepared marriage, but I want to assure you that I am fully aware of the changes that marriage will bring and to this end I have prepared a small list. 1. I understand that my rights to have a say in matters pertaining to decorating are revoked. Although I am still entitled to an opinion on such matters, my wife has no obligation to reward my ideas with anything other than a pat on the head and a giggle. 2. I am aware that shopping, as a married man will differ somewhat from what I am used ...

Ifrs Adoption And Financial Comparability Accounting Essay

Globalization of fiscal markets has meant an increased focal point on international criterions in accounting and has intensified attempts towards a individual set of high quality, globally acceptable set of accounting criterions. Fiscal statements prepared in different states harmonizing to different set of regulations, mean legion national sets of criterions, each with its ain set of reading about a similar dealing, doing it hard to compare, analyse and interpret fiscal statements across states. A fiscal coverage system supported by strong administration, high quality criterions, and steadfast regulative model is the key to economic development. Indeed, sound fiscal coverage criterions underline the trust that investors place in fiscal coverage information and therefore play an of import function in lending to the economic development of a state. Needless to advert, internationally accepted accounting criterions play a major function in this full procedure. An approaching economic system on universe economic map, India, excessively, decided to meet to International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) . With the acceptance of IFRS by Indian houses, the comparing of two fiscal statements becomes easier and besides expects to ensue in better quality of fiscal coverage due to consistent application of accounting rules and betterment in dependability of fiscal statements. Again, one of the major pre-requisites of acquiring listed on European markets is readying of histories as per IFRS demands. Meanwhile, the proposed convergence with IFRS is likely to make important challenges to the accounting patterns in industrial and fiscal sectors. While regulators, standard compositors and jurisprudence shapers sit together to rollout the route map for execution of International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) in India, a broad subdivision of the industry is already debating the impact and the execution challenges of transitioning into IFRS. A A singular and of import component of smooth passage into IFRS is the convergence of RBI guidelines with the rules laid down in IFRS.A In other words, the successful acceptance of IFRS is based on flexibleness and acceptableness of IFRS by RBI. Banks will hold to shortly set to accounting alterations that are enforced by IFRS.A It is by and large expected that IFRS acceptance worldwide will be good to investors and other users of fiscal statements, by cut downing the costs of comparing alternate investings and increasing the quality of information Companies are besides expected to profit, as investors will be more willing to supply funding. Companies that have high degrees of international activities are among the group that would profit from a switch to IFRS. Companies that are involved in foreign activities and puting benefit from the switch due to the increased comparison of a set accounting criterion. Comparison in fiscal statements is critical for investors to pull sensible decisions about the comparative public presentation of entities. However for a assortment of grounds an entities fiscal statements may non be as comparable to its rivals as preparers or users would prefer in the close term. Another manner to heighten comparison is to see handling the fiscal statements non merely as an accounting exercising but besides an exercising in pass oning of import elements that in fact affect the year-to-year comparison of fiscal statement informations. Adoption of IFRS, the new planetary coverage criterions, would better comparison, transparence and credibleness of fiscal statements and in a globalised universe, would take to greater economic efficiencies. Research suggests that cultural differences cause comptrollers in different states to construe and use accounting criterions otherwise. Translation of IFRS into assorted linguistic communications poses another menace to comparison. A It will be of import for transnational corporations and planetary audit houses to beef up cultural consciousness preparation. This could profit transnational corporations and their hearers by doing them cognizant of possible prejudices held by their international staff and by co-workers in their international offices, and by assisting professionals recognize their ain state ‘s cultural accounting inclinations and better understand how these values affect their ain readings and judgements. Most significantly, the initial and on-going IFRS convergence will impact reported net worth, available capital and capital adequateness for Indian Bankss. Further, the finalised roadmap for the convergence of Indian Accounting Standards with IFRS, with regard to banking companies, requires all scheduled commercial Bankss to change over their opening balance sheets as of April 1, 2013. RBI has besides emphasised to Bankss that they need to pitch up to follow the new criterions. Therefore, there is ever a demand to hold an appraisal of the possible chances and challenges for Bankss in India while meeting to IFRS. Subsequent to the proclamation of the proposal by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India ( ICAI ) to meet the Indian accounting criterions ( Indian GAAP ) with IFRS effectual April 1, 2011, there has been important argument among the criterion compositors, regulators, corporate India and professional accounting houses, on the roadmap to convergence and its deductions .2. Review of LiteratureSince European Union was the first to follow IFRS across the Earth, most of the researches have been carried out on IFRS analysing the information from member states of EU. Research workers have given assorted sentiments on the public-service corporation of acceptance of IFRSs across the Earth as a individual set of coverage criterions. Existing literature supports this position of research workers that acceptance of IFRS as individual set of coverage criterions improves the quality of fiscal information and besides ensures timely loss acknowledgment. Summarily, following individual set of fiscal coverage criterions bring many benefits to describing entities, Investors, bankers and other interested parties as in this period of international boundaries acquiring eliminated, they will non hold to mention to describing statements prepared on the footing of different coverage criterions. Harmonizing to Epstein & A ; Jermakowicz, ( 2010 ) IASBaˆYs Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements states that the nonsubjective usage of fiscal statements is to show the broad scope of users of these fiscal statements with information about the entityaˆYs fiscal place, public presentation and the alterations in fiscal place. This helps in better fiting the users with more suited economic determination devising. Elliott B. & A ; Elliott J. , ( 2002 ) explains that ab initio, regulated fiscal statements were needed on state degree in order to guarantee that all the companies present their fiscal statements in a similar and consistent manner. But the gait with which globalisation is taking topographic point, the demand for internationally comparable fiscal studies were brought frontward. Therefore, in order to diminish the national differences and the differences in fiscal coverage, the international compositors and regulators, for illustration, Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) and International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) have issued accounting criterions such as Generally Accepted Accounting Standards ( GAAP ) and International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) , severally. Chorafas D. ( 2006 ) says that IFRS is considered by direction think-tanks as a stage displacement in the general accounting, balance sheet place ratings and fiscal coverage techniques. Harmonizing to Drury and Tayles ( 1997 ) there is a demand for more in-depth instance survey to research the linkage between external fiscal coverage and direction accounting. This survey regards the IFRS ‘ acceptance as an chance to develop the overall planning systems of a company instead than a narrow coverage system. Fiscal accounting and direction accounting are seen as systems complimentary to each other. Gordon ( 2008 ) notes that the harmonisation of fiscal coverage, which has led to comparable accounting and fiscal information across states and companies, continues to back up and progress the concern itself. Harmonizing to Soderstrom and Sun ( 2007 ) the voluntary acceptance of high-quality accounting criterions -IFRS included- is found to hold a positive impact on accounting quality. El-Gazzar et Al. ( 1999 ) province that houses adopt international criterions in order to spread out their gross revenues to foreign markets, to achieve more clients and to cut down political costs when spread outing activities into foreign markets. These companies see the benefits of using the IFRS transcending the costs of execution and in-usage. Meek and Thomas ( 2004 ) province that the coverage environment of a company besides affects the relevancy of fiscal coverage, non the accounting criterions entirely, i.e. the state in which the company operates may hold an impact on the relevancy of the information. It is argued, that even when using the International Financial Reporting Standards, the fiscal statement information may non be comparable among different states due to cultural differences ( Scott 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Ball ( 2006 ) companies may even confront a competitory disadvantage from an inefficient fiscal coverage theoretical account. Particularly, houses viing in p lanetary markets face turning force per unit area to use globally accepted fiscal coverage criterions. Cai and Wong ( 2010 ) in their survey of planetary capital markets summarized that the capital markets of the states that have adopted IFRS have higher grade of integrating among them after their IFRS acceptance as compared to the period before the acceptance. Paananen and Lin ( 2009 ) gave a contrary position to prior research that IFRS acceptance ensures better quality of accounting information. Their analysis of German companies describing showed that accounting information quality has worsened with the acceptance of IFRS over clip. They besides suggested that this development is less likely to be driven by new adoptive parents of IFRS but is driven by the alterations of criterions. The survey carried out by Callao and others ( 2007 ) on fiscal informations of Spanish houses revealed that local comparison is adversely affected if both IFRS and local Accounting Standards are applied in the same state at the same clip. The survey, hence calls for an pressing convergence of local Acc ounting Standards with that of IFRS. Therefore, based on the reappraisal it can be deduced that IFRS on fiscal instruments as being really complex, convergence with IFRS contributes to different subdivisions in the economic system viz. the investors, accounting professionals and the industry as a whole. As IFRS is in the infant phase there is demand for more specific surveies utilizing scientific methodological analysis so that the pros and cons of IFRS could be understood in a larger context.3. MethodsThe present survey is analytical in nature based on secondary informations collected from books, periodicals, commission studies and the Internet. For Bankss in India, convergence to IFRS is likely to present important challenges, as shown by planetary experience. Certain big Indian Bankss, which have the benefit of traveling through the procedure of international GAAP such as US GAAP in the yesteryear, have recognised the challenges of convergence and have already started be aftering their elaborate roadmap to accomplish a smooth convergence. It is clip for other Bankss to take the cue and follow suit. Critical to the successful execution of IFRS in the Indian context would be the degree of regulative sponsorship, the appropriate degree of investing in systems and procedures and consistence in market patterns for countries where judgement is critical. A move to IFRS can be compared to the mountain extremum which can surely be scaled if good planned and suitably executed. This is likely to hold a important impact on the fiscal place and fiscal public presentation, straight impacting cardinal parametric quantities such as capital adequateness ratios and the results of rating prosodies that analysts use to step and evaluate public presentation. In add-on to the fiscal accounting impact, the convergence procedure is likely to imply several alterations to fiscal describing systems and procedures adopted by Bankss in India. These alterations would necessitate to be planned, managed, tested and executed in progress of the execution day of the month. Despite the assorted hindrances to the proposed passage, until the clip IFRS is implemented, it would be worthwhile to measure its challenges and chances for the primary fiscal institutional apparatus in India, called Bankss.4. ConsequencesOpportunities for Banks in IndiaIndian Banks as an ea rly adoptive parent to IFRS enables to better pull off the outlooks of internal stakeholders such as Board of Directors and senior direction, regulators and internal investors and analysts associating to the impact on net incomes and equity. Banking companies are required to bring forth better quality information in the notes to fiscal statements and are obliged to uncover information non required antecedently. Publicly posted fiscal information allows for unfastened and crystalline treatment with clients and providers, employees understand better the fiscal wellness and way of the banking company and better fiscal notes allow stakeholders to do more in depth analysis of the fiscal statement. The commissariats of IAS 39-Financial instruments, acknowledgment and measurement- issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) , establishes the rules for acknowledging and mensurating fiscal assets and fiscal liabilities. This criterion is of peculiar importance to the Indian banking sector and NBFCs which deal chiefly in fiscal instruments. The same is being replaced as IFRS 9 in the convergence procedure. In Indian banking industry, the convergence of IFRS 9 is in three stages which will assist in cut downing complexnesss. The first stage was completed with the issue of the part of IFRS 9 which trades with the categorization and measuring of fiscal assets and fiscal liabilities. The 2nd and 3rd stages are in the country of hedge accounting and damage, where presently work is underway. At present, as per RBI ‘s prudential norms, Bankss have to put in authorities securities and history such investings at ‘amortised cost ‘ . Under IFRS 9, these securities may hold to be accounted for on a ‘fair value ‘ footing, with the just value changes taken to the income statement. This will assist Indian Bankss to exhibit the income statement on a ‘fair value ‘basis. Under RBI norms, investings in equity instruments ( other than subordinates, joint ventures ) are recorded at market value. Net losingss are recognized but net additions are ignored. Under IFRS 9, investings in equity instruments are just valued. The additions or losingss are either recognized in the income statement or in a modesty history. This makes the statement more accurate. That pick is required to be made at the origin, on an instrument by instrument footing, and is irrevokable. Training is a cardinal component of a successful convergence in the Indian banking sector. A workshop-based preparation demand to be provided to internal staff every bit good as high functionaries for more complex and specific facets of IFRS such as fiscal instruments or portion based compensation on income revenue enhancements, or different media such as web-enabled preparation to make a broader audience. Using an external adviser to all hard appraisals which are underestimated by internal staff will supply a great support during the existent transition procedure, doing the executing more successful. As the markets expand globally the demand for convergence additions. The convergence benefits the economic system by increasing growing of its International concern. It facilitates care of orderly and efficient capital markets and besides helps to increase the capital formation and thereby economic growing. It encourages international investment and thereby leads to more foreign capital flows to the state. Indian banking sector besides contributes to the economic growing through the convergence. Investors want the information that is more relevant, dependable, seasonably and comparable across the legal powers. Fiscal statements prepared utilizing a common set of accounting criterions help investors better understand investing chances as opposed to fiscal statements prepared utilizing a different set of national accounting criterions. For better apprehension of fiscal statements, planetary investors have to incur more cost in footings of the clip and attempts to change over the fiscal statements so that they can confidently compare chances. Convergence with IFRS contributes to investors ‘ apprehension and assurance in high quality fiscal statements. The Indian banking industry is able to raise capital from foreign markets at lower cost if it can make assurance in the heads of foreign investors that their fiscal statements comply with globally accepted accounting criterions. With the diverseness in accounting criterions from state to state, endeavors which operate in dif ferent states face a battalion of accounting demands predominating in the states. Convergence of accounting criterions simplifies the procedure of fixing the person and group fiscal statements and thereby reduces the costs of fixing the fiscal statements utilizing different sets of accounting criterions. Convergence with IFRS besides benefits the accounting professionals in Indian banking sector in a manner that they are able to sell their services as experts in different parts of the universe. The push of the motion towards convergence has come chiefly from comptrollers in public pattern. It offers them more chances in any portion of the universe if same accounting patterns prevail throughout the universe. They are able to cite IFRS to clients to give them endorsing for urging certain ways of coverage.Challenges for Banks in IndiaThe first challenge in execution of IFRS in banking sector in India is unity of informations and information. Most scheduled commercial Bankss in India have either already migrated or are in the procedure of migrating to Core Banking Sol utions ( CBS ) . In this context, informations unity and information cogency would be of critical importance particularly due to informations intensive demands of IFRS converged criterions. Preparatory work in this respect would enable Bankss to counter a basic challenge in their attempt towards IFRS convergence. Keeping ‘Ethical Standards ‘ and values is a cardinal portion of fiscal coverage. Without a strong codification of moralss and attachment to those moralss, fiscal coverage would neglect to animate and guarantee public and investor assurance in entities. Therefore, along with high degrees of proficient competency, accounting professionals besides need to hold unquestionable and faultless professional unity. Keeping ethical criterions will be a great challenge for Indian Bankss. The adaptability and compatibility of bing IT solutions used by Indian Bankss to the new demands imposed by IFRS convergence is besides a major challenge. Software which has been written maintaining in head Indian GAAP demands may hold to be modified well to integrate characteristics of IFRS demands. Similarly, compatibility between package and hardware would hold to be addressed to take attention of the new demand. The most of import factor which differentiates the successful and less successful transition undertakings is the presence and absence of undertaking direction sphere. A comprehensive preparation scheme and plan to human resource is a complex country and demands to be carefully considered. Failure to pass sufficient clip and energy on impact appraisal makes the transition more complex for Indian Bankss. In add-on to the general accounting criterions, Indian banking companies are presently required to adhere to the accounting policies and rules prescribed by RBI, doing the transition a boring procedure. The replacing of IAS 39 by IFRS 9, will present important complexness and application challenges which will ensue in important volatility in income statement of Indian Bankss. Indian Banking companies are capable to regulative reappraisals and review and are besides capable to minimal capital demands. But IFRS requires increased usage of opinion and extended usage of unobservable rating inputs and premises which makes the regulative reappraisal procedure more explanatory and complex. IFRS prescribes an impairment theoretical account that requires a instance to instance appraisal of facts environing the recoverability and timing of hard currency flows associating to recognition exposure. The bedrock of this impairment appraisal is the current guidelines of Indian Bankss, which requires a limited usage of judgement and are mechanistic in nature. Significantly different IFRS and GAAP in general lead Bankss in India to more cases of transportations neglecting the derecognition standards, thereby ensuing in big balance sheets, capital adequateness demands, lower return on assets, and recess of gains/losses on securitisation minutess.5. DiscussionsTo reason, as an early adoptive parent to IFRS it is expected that Indian Bankss enable to better pull off the outlooks of all its interest holders in many ways. The replacing of IAS 39 as IFRS 9 in the convergence procedure, execution of IFRS 9 in a phased mode, rating of investings in equity instruments on just value footin g, workshop-based preparation to internal staff for assorted facets of IFRS, etc will undeniably assist to run into their outlooks. Again, fiscal statements prepared utilizing globally accepted criterions enable Indian banking industry to raise capital from foreign markets at lower cost and besides help investors better understand investing chances globally. Though convergence with IFRS consequences some challenges viz. unity of informations and information, high degree of proficient competence and ethical criterions, amortisation accounting, frequent alterations in the policies of RBI etc, the challenges can non lessen its chances.

Discuss whether private policing can ever ensure public security

Not only is policing conveyed by an escalating array of public bodies organized at a diversity of geographical levels, but the private and municipal parts are themselves becoming more perceptible in this arena. It is far from clear, though to what degree the growth of policing services delivered by agencies other than the state police symbolizes the filling of a gap left by the incapability or disinclination of the state police to give services the public wants.It may represent changes in the nature of modern life and institutions in which the growth of these services lies along, is complementary to, the steady growth in spending on the state police and other public policing services like Environmental Health Officers or the Post Office Investigation Department.Nor is it obvious that there has been the immense growth in non-police ‘policing' which is often claimed. surely there has been a huge increase in the employment of uniformed private security personnel. owever if ‘ policing' in its broadest sense is construed to include those people who, like wardens, caretakers, park-keepers, and gamekeepers, have always been employed to guard, protect, and manage both public and private property and locations, then much of this growth may simply imitate changes in the way the task is done. What is clear is that, for a diversity of reasons, the respective roles of the police and private security organizations now increasingly be related. The boundaries between them are becoming less well defined.This is the consequence, in part at least, of a process referred to as the ‘decreasing equivalence between private property and private space'. The subsequent half of the twentieth century has seen a rapid growth in property which is privately owned but to which the public typically has access. This property includes shopping centers, built-up estates, educational institutions, parks, offices, and leisure centers. More and more public life is being performed on private property.Thus the protection of private property, a fundamental aim of private security-has increasingly come to take in the maintenance of public order as while, for example, there are demonstrations against new road construction. Private security services have intruded more and more on what used to be considered the restricted domain of the state police. The boundaries between public and private policing have further were indistinct because of the operations of an escalating number of agencies whose formal status and functional activities are hard to classify.These have most usually been referred to as ‘hybrid' or ‘grey' policing bodies. They take in, for example, the surveillance, investigative, and dogmatic sections attached to central and local government departments. The place of some of these bodies has been made even more ‘grey' by the privatization programme the government has practiced. For example the British Transport Police will persist to poli ce our railway network: they will, for the foreseeable future, give a contract service that the new railway companies have been given no option but to accept.Johsnton (1999) asserts that private policing consists of two components. ‘Commercial’ policing involves the purchase and sale of security commodities in the market place. ‘Civil’ policing consists of those voluntary policing activities undertaken by individuals and groups in civil society. The history of commercial policing in Britain is a long one, McMullan’s (1987) account of crime control in sixteenth and seventeenth century London pointing to the systematic recruitment of paid informers and thief-takers by a state unable to control unregulated areas.This is an early example of what South (1984) has referred to as ‘the commercial compromise of the state’, an invariable feature of all systems in which the commercial sector has a policing role, though one whose precise character v aries with circumstances. The private security industry is a large, lucrative, and growing part of the UK economy. Different estimates of the annual turnover of the industry are obtainable.A 1979 Home Office Green Paper suggested an annual turnover in 1976 of ?135 million and, according to the marketing consultancy Jordan and Sons, total annual sales during the early 1980s were in excess of 400 million. Jordan's 1989 and 1993 reports suggest respectively that the yearly turnover of the industry increased from ?476. 4 million in 1983 to ?807. 6 million in 1987 and ?1, 225. 6 million in 1990. One recent estimate by one of the regulatory bodies in the private security industry has put the turnover for 1994 at ?2, 827 million (Daily Telegraph, 15 August 1996).Because private security firms take up a position of trust for those who utilize them to protect their persons and property, as the evidence suggests that individuals and groups put off to people who wear uniforms intended to conju re the authority of the police, and as those who provide security services are in a position to abuse that reverence and trust, we do not think it is any longer defensible to allow the private security industry to continue unregulated. There is proof of abuse.There are undoubted cowboys on the loose and there is nothing at present to prevent disreputable and criminally-minded operators from proffering any security service they wish. Indeed, even a Government ideologically committed to reducing the amount of directive has recently come round to the view that some type of control of the private security industry is now essential. In August 1996, the Home Office announced that a statutory body to vet people wanting to work in private security was to be recognized, and that new criminal offences of utilizing an unlicensed guard and working as an unlicensed guard would be introduced.Given that these plans are both indistinct and not accompanied by any schedule for implementation. There i s currently no constitutional licensing or regulative system of any kind for the private security industry in Britain. This distinction with almost all other European countries. Britain stands practically alone in not having admission requirements for firms offering security services and, together with Germany, not setting performance rations for private security operatives. Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands.Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland all have some form of governmental control over their private security industries (de Waard J. 1993). Estimates of the size of the industry in Britain have been notoriously inaccurate. However, recent research by Jones & Newburn (1998), based on data drawn from the Yellow Pages Business Classification and the Labour Force Survey, has produced far more reliable figures. Total employment in the British contract security industry now exceeds one third of a million (333,631), with emplo yment in the ‘services and equipment sector’ (which includes guarding) standing at 182,596.This latter figure, alone, is equivalent to the total number of police and civilians employed in the 43 constabularies in England and Wales. As is the case in other countries, the most rapid area of expansion is in electronic security. Indeed, out of the total of 6,899 security companies identified in the research, no fewer than 2,547 are in the electronics sector, the remainder being in services and equipment (2,281), the provision of locks and safes (864), detective services (767) and bailiff services (440).In the case of Britain, for example, the estimation of private security employees (70,000) appears to include only those working for member companies of the British Security Industry Association, the main trade body. On the basis of these figures, Britain ranks sixth in terms of private security employees (123 per 100,000 inhabitants) and has a private security to public poli ce ratio of 0. 39:1. By using Jones & Newburn’s (1998) data, however, these estimates are transformed dramatically.This happens whether one bases calculation on guard numbers alone, or upon the total number of personnel employed in the security industry. In the first case, the figure of 182,596 guards identified in the research generates 321 security personnel per 100,000 inhabitants and a private security to public police ratio of 1:1. In the second case, 333,631 security employees generates a private security to public police ratio of 1. 85:1, a figure far in excess of the estimate for Germany, the highest ranked country in the sample.In effect, two conclusions can be drawn from Jones & Newburn’s (1998) research: that Britain has roughly one private security guard for every public police officer, a figure comparable to that found in the USA during the early 1980s (Cunningham & Taylor 1985:106); and that Britain has almost two private security employees for each polic e officer. Although there are diverse estimates of the number of organizations trading in the private security sector, and the numbers of people working, few of them emerge to be reliable.The best accessible figures suggest that, in broad terms, the number of private security employees, including those persons concerned in the manufacture and installation of security devices, is as a minimum the equivalent of the total complement of the forty-three constabularies in England and Wales; data from the government's Labour Force Survey propose that there are almost surely over 162,000 people working in the private security industry, but the actual total can be at least half as many again (Jones T. , and Newburn T. 1995).This rapid growth in private security gives a vivid image that policing involves much more than the police and what the police do. The point is made all the more obvious if one thinks that most symbolic of all police tasks, mobile patrol. It is momentarily worth consideri ng two instances where a ‘police patrol' presence is provided by personnel other than police constables. First is the Sedgefield Community Force. For several years local councils have employed in-house security operations to keep council property and employees.The Sedgefield Community Force, a local authority police force in County Durham, became operational in January 1994. The force provides a 24-hour patrolling service within the geographical confines of the District an area of 85 square miles and a population of 90,000 people. The ten patrol officers wear uniforms similar to those worn by police officers. They travel mostly in cars, though they are encouraged to leave them to patrol on foot. They received 1,284 calls from the public in their first year.Johsnton (1999) asserts that Private policing resolves the tension within that relationship: maximizing consumption by restricting access to those who might undermine the commercial imperative—drunks, beggars and the like. In most western societies—though particularly in North America—there is an increased tendency for residential space to adopt the form of mass private property, people living in private apartment blocks and gated communities, rather than in traditional streets.Though this is undoubtedly a global tendency, however, there may be variations in the speed and scope of its development. Jones & Newburn (1998) note that, in Britain, locations which would be archetypal forms of mass private property in North America (such as educational institutions, leisure complexes and hospital sites) have either been owned and run by the state or by non-market ‘hybrid’ organizations (Johnston 1992). For that reason, they suggest, ‘mass hybrid property’, rather than mass private property, may be of greater relevance to the future development of commercial policing in Britain.Though the Sedgefield Community Force provides a noticeable patrol it was set up as a n on-confrontational force and has a strategy of ‘observing and reporting' based on a presupposition of not using officers' citizen's powers of arrest. A small-scale piece of research on the Sedgefield Community Force carried out concerning six months after it was set up found that just under two-thirds of local residents said without any prompting that they had heard of the Force (I'Anson J. , and Wiles P. 1995).This part of respondents increased to three-quarters after the force was portrayed to them. There is some indication from the survey that the public feels safer as the Force was introduced, and a considerable proportion of those questioned felt that the Community Force would act to put off criminal activity. There was obvious evidence that local residents saw the Force as setting off what the local constabulary was doing.Generally respondents said they would not be happy to have the members of the Force as the sole deferrers of crime. owever when asked who they would be contented to have patrolling their streets: 91 per cent said police specials or a new rank of police patroller; 83 per cent said a council-employed community force; 43 per cent said common citizens; and 33 per cent said private security guards. A further survey of residents who had asked for help from the Sedgefield Force discovered that the immense majority of calls concerned vandalism, anti-social behavior, and nuisance — incivilities concerning which all the research evidence shows the public is usually concerned though a large minority, about a fifth, concerned straight-forward crime (Wiles P. 996).Moreover those persons calling for help were extremely appreciative of the service they received. Though direct comparisons cannot simply be made, the residents who call the Sedgefield Community Force are as a minimum as appreciative of the service they receive, conceivably more so, than are people who call the police (Bucke, 1996). The second example is the Wands worth Parks Constabulary. Under the Public Health (Amendment) Act 1907, all local authorities in England and Wales can affirm in park employees as special constables though there are few instances of any doing so.Legislation, bearing upon London only, has though been used by several boroughs in the capital to set up Parks Constabularies. in the Ministry of Housing and Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation (Greater London Parks and Open Spaces) Act 1967, Wands worth recognized its Parks Constabulary in 1985. There are thirty full-time uniformed officers and twenty-five part-timers (effectively ‘specials') in the Wands worth Parks Constabulary.They patrol the parks and open spaces in the borough — about 850 acres in all — and give security services in council premises, particularly the branch libraries, leisure centers, and youth and recreation facilities. The constables aim to act mainly as a restriction rather than an enforcement body. The problems with which they deal emerge to be similar to those dealt with in Sedgefield. They comprise incivilities linked with drunkenness, the control of dogs, the use of bicycles, and the like. however they also deal with crime.In 1994 and 1995 the Wands worth Parks Police made 105 and 134 arrests correspondingly: these included supposed offences of dishonesty (including burglary, theft, and robbery), criminal damage, gross coarseness, and drugs offences. They took their arrestees to Metropolitan Police stations where there appears to have been little complexity in getting the majority of their charges accepted. Certainly the research proof is that the relationship between the Parks Police and the Metropolitan Police is an optimistic and close one (Jones T. , and Newburn T. 998).In addition the constables monitor the CCTV cameras that are positioned in Wandsworth's parks, act as key holders in relation to a large number of local power buildings, provide a cash-in transit service for some local authority fun ctions, and accompany some local authority employees. Similar, although generally less wide-ranging, parks police also operate in Kensington and Chelsea, Barking and Dagenham and in Greenwich. The public is ever more engaged in activities in areas where policing is undertaken by private organizations.Progressively households, neighborhoods, and institutions (both public and private) are becoming dependent on commercially provided surveillance technology and patrols for their sense of security. As, demands on the police have prolonged, so the police have become reliant on skills available in, and services provided by, the private sector. This is mainly to be welcomed, and positive collaboration between the public and private sectors needs to be encouraged.There are several benefits to be gained from constructive partnership. But it is fundamental that this partnership be based on integrity. The public, pass up the police, must have confidence that the very highest standards are being uphold in any agency with which the police are affianced in partnership. For these reasons we conclude that the time has come to bring in a system of official or statutory directive of the private security industry.There is no case for granting private security personnel powers not accessible to the ordinary citizen and, as far as it is been competent to discover, there is no demand from either within or without the industry that such powers must be granted, except in very particular situation. One such circumstance is given by the contracted-out management of prisons. The Criminal Justice Act gives that the prisoner custody officers employed by the security companies now running five prisons are authorized to search prisoners and their visitors and to use such force as is essential to avert prisoners from escaping.But this kind of exception apart we can see no motive why citizens' powers are insufficient for dealing with the type of situations with which private security personnel are expected to be confronted while guarding or on patrol. Indeed, quite opposing. The fact that security personnel have no powers beyond those accessible to the ordinary citizen itself gives a desirable check on their activities and evidently demarcates, both in law and in the eyes of the public in general, what is otherwise becoming an increasingly fuzzy border between the police and private ‘policing' enterprises.The realism of private security is that their personnel are not like usual citizens. They may not have extra powers, but they have precise responsibilities, they are organized, they are usually recruited as of their physical suitability, they are dressed in a way to emphasize their capacity to coerce, they might be trained in self-defense or have experience in how to ‘handle themselves' in circumstances thought to rationalize reasonable force, they are more expected to employ force, and so on.All these influencing conditions suggest, given the extensive conc erns ‘about the de facto power exerted by private security personnel whose reliability is uncertain, whose public liability is non-existent, and whose allegiance is by definition to whomsoever pays the piper, that there is a very well-built case for ensuring that in law they exercise no more right to use force than the rest of us. We conclude that no transform in citizens' powers of arrest is reasonable.The key area, is where private security staff are concerned in the policing of space which is public -streets, housing estates, and so on — or which the public thinks to be public, although it is actually private, that is places like shopping malls, football grounds, hospitals, and so on. We believe any new form of regulation must certainly cover the work of private security guards, together with contract and in-house guards. The Home Affairs Select Committee excluded in-house staff from its commendations for regulation.However, though the evidence signifies that there a re fewer complaints concerning in house security services, the fact that there is considerable mobility between the contract and the in-house sectors leads us to believe that any new system of licensing must cover both. Moreover, given their role concerning either private property or private space to which the public have access, equally nightclub door staff and installers of electronic surveillance and security equipment ought, in our finding, also to come within a new system of directive.